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*TYPES* –>
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(when ‘amino acids’ combine to form ‘proteins’)
(20 ‘amino acids’ are used to create ‘protein’ in the cells of ‘living things’)
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*amino acids’ are ‘organic compounds’*
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*they contain…*
*’amine’ (-NH2) + ‘carboxyl’ (-COOH)
(2 “functional groups”)
(…along with a ‘side chain’ (R group) specific to each ‘amino acid’)
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(the key elements of an ‘amino acid’ are…)
‘carbon’ (C)
‘hydrogen’ (H)
‘oxygen’ (O)
‘nitrogen’ (N)
(although other ‘elements’ are found in the ‘side chains’ of certain ‘amino acids’)
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(about 500 ‘naturally occurring amino acids’ are ‘known’ (though only 20 appear in the ‘genetic code’) and can be classified in many ways)
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(they can be classified according to the core structural functional groups’ locations as…)
alpha- (α-)
beta- (β-)
gamma- (γ-)
delta- (δ-)
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(other categories relate to…)
‘polarity’
‘pH level’
“side chain group type”
(as in ‘aliphatic’ / ‘acyclic’ / ‘aromatic’ / containing ‘hydroxyl’/’sulfur’ / etc)
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(in the form of ‘proteins’, ‘amino acid’ residues form the 2nd-largest component (‘water’ is the largest) of ‘human muscles’ + ‘other tissues’)
(beyond their role as ‘residues’ in ‘proteins’, ‘amino acids’ participate in a # of processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis)
(in biochemistry, amino acids having both the amine and the carboxylic acid groups attached to the first (alpha-) carbon atom have particular importance)
(they are known as 2-, alpha-, or α-amino acids (generic formula H2NCHRCOOH in most cases, where R is an organic substituent known as a “side chain”); often the term “amino acid” is used to refer specifically to these)
They include the 22 proteinogenic (“protein-building”) amino acids, which combine into peptide chains (“polypeptides”) to form the building-blocks of a vast array of proteins.
(these are all L-stereoisomers (“left-handed” isomers), although a few D-amino acids (“right-handed”) occur in bacterial envelopes, as a neuromodulator (D-serine), and in some antibiotics)
Twenty of the proteinogenic amino acids are encoded directly by triplet codons in the genetic code and are known as “standard” amino acids.
The other two (“non-standard” or “non-canonical”) are selenocysteine (present in many prokaryotes as well as most eukaryotes, but not coded directly by DNA), and pyrrolysine (found only in some archea and one bacterium).
Pyrrolysine and selenocysteine are encoded via variant codons; for example, selenocysteine is encoded by stop codon and SECIS element.
N-formylmethionine (which is often the initial amino acid of proteins in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts) is generally considered as a form of methionine rather than as a separate proteinogenic amino acid.
Codon–tRNA combinations not found in nature can also be used to “expand” the genetic code and form novel proteins known as alloproteins incorporating ‘non-proteinogenic amino acids’)
Many important proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids have biological functions.
For example, in the human brain, glutamate (standard glutamic acid) and gamma-amino-butyric acid(“GABA”, non-standard gamma-amino acid) are, respectively, the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.[
Hydroxyproline, a major component of the connective tissue collagen, is synthesised from proline.
Glycine is a biosynthetic precursor to porphyrins used in red blood cells.
Carnitine is used in lipid transport.
Many important proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids have biological functions.
For example, in the human brain, glutamate (standard glutamic acid) and gamma-amino-butyric acid(“GABA”, non-standard gamma-amino acid) are, respectively, the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.
Hydroxyproline, a major component of the connective tissue collagen, is synthesised from proline.
Glycine is a biosynthetic precursor to porphyrins used in red blood cells.
Carnitine is used in lipid transport.
(9 proteinogenic amino acids are called “essential” for humans because they cannot be produced from other compounds by the human body and so must be taken in as food)
(others may be conditionally essential for certain ages or medical conditions)
(essential amino acids may also differ between species)
(because of their biological significance, amino acids are important in nutrition and are commonly used in nutritional supplements, fertilizers, feed, and ‘food technology’)
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[‘industrial uses’ include the production of…]
‘drugs’
‘bio-degradable plastics’
‘chiral catalysts’
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contains amine group, carboxylic acid group, and side chain that can vary
most amino acids, often called “the building blocks of life”, can form via natural chemical reactions unrelated to life, as demonstrated in the miller–urey experiment and similar experiments, which involved simulating the conditions of the early earth.
in all living things, these amino acids are organized into proteins, and the construction of these proteins is mediated by nucleic acids
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*which of these ‘organic molecules’ first arose and how they formed the ‘first life’ is the focus of ‘abio-genesis’*
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥