-special characters-*keyboard shortcuts*

March 5, 2012 jogabot Uncategorized 0

-as of [3 JANUARY 2024]–

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Tip sheet on special characters

This page will show users (of the Windows or Macintosh OS X operating systems), having a western european “standard” keyboard (showing the latin alphabet),

how to generate other characters they might not see on the keyboard.

For example a US keyboard will not show accented letters as used in French.

A French keyboard will show accented letters common in French, but not accented letters used in Spanish. And so on…

You can read the instructions below, or skip directly to the chart.

Special characters on Macintosh (Apple keyboards)

On MacOS, the option key functions as a modifier key like the shift key. Hold it down and press another key simultaneously. For shift+option, hold down both the shift and option keys and press the additional letter key simultaneously.

Special characters on Windows (PC keyboards)

On Windows, the Alt key functions as a modifier like the Shift key. To make special characters, hold down the Alt key and type in the numbers from the numeric keypad. Note that on some small keyboards (e.g. laptop keybaords) the “numeric keypad” is found by pressing the NumLock key and then looking for the keys on your keyboard that double as numeric keypad keys when in NumLock mode.

Software to help you find special characters

Macintosh OS x

On Macintosh OS X, you can use the operating system’s character palette to find special characters. Press command+option+T to make the character palette window appear.

The character palette will also show up as a menu item in the keyboard menu if the keyboard menu is displayed in the top right of your menu bar. The keyboard menu shows as a flag corresponding to the currently active keyboard layout.

See Apple support document Enter special characters and symbols.

Windows

For Windows, use the Character Map application, available from the Start Menu (look in System Tools).

See Microsoft document Using special characters (Character Map): frequently asked questions.

Third-party software

(Note: I’m mentioning a useful little program because I use it at home on my Macintosh, and at work on a Windows machine; it helps you find a special character when you forget the key combination for it. Here’s how the author describes it:

If you don’t want to remember all these numbers, you should try the little shareware utility PopChar from ergonis software. One click, and PopChar displays a table of all characters of the current font. Select the desired character and it instantly appears in your document. You can also insert HTML symbols. PopChar is available for Macintosh OS X and Windows.)

Characters not listed on this page

For more HTML number codes, see Character entity references in HTML 4. For any characters not listed here, you can look at the Unicode character set, which is a whole subject in itself. Suffice it to say that any modern computer operating system and/or web browser can handle Unicode characters and Unicode documents: generating those characters is the tricky part.

Special character chart for western european characters

These characters can be entered via the keyboard in Macintosh OS X, or Windows (or both).

How to use this chart

You can use the html name or number codes in an HTML document (i.e. a webpage or an e-mail that uses HTML format.)

For Macintosh: press the keys as shown. for example “shift+option+w” means press down the shift key, the option key, and the w key all at the same time. “option+e E” means press down the option key and the e key at the same time, then press the E key (capital E).

HTML Name CodeHTML Number CodeGlyphMacOSWindowsDescription
†††option+tAlt+0134dagger
‡‡‡shift+option+7Alt+0135double dagger
‰‰‰shift+option+rAlt+0137per mill sign
‹‹‹shift+option+3Alt+0139single left-pointing angle quote
‘‘‘option+]Alt+0145left single quote
’’’shift+option+]Alt+0146right single quote
“““option+[Alt+0147left double quote
”””shift+option+[Alt+0148right double quote
–––option+(hyphen)Alt+0150en dash
———shift+option+(hyphen)Alt+0151em dash
™™™option+2Alt+0153trademark sign
›››shift+option+4Alt+0155single right-pointing angle quote
   option+(spacebar)Alt+0160nonbreaking space
¡¡¡option+1Alt+0161inverted exclamation
¢¢¢option+4Alt+0162cent sign
£££option+3Alt+0163pound sterling
¤¤¤ Alt+0164general currency sign
¥¥¥option+yAlt+0165yen sign
¦ or &brkbar;¦¦ Alt+0166broken vertical bar
§§§option+6Alt+0167section sign
¨ or ¨¨¨shift+option+uAlt+0168umlaut
©©©option+gAlt+0169copyright
ªªªoption+9Alt+0170feminine ordinal
«««option+\Alt+0171left angle quote
¬¬¬option+lAlt+0172not sign
­­­ Alt+0173soft hyphen
®®®option+rAlt+0174registered trademark
&macr; or &hibar;&#175;¯shift+option+<Alt+0175macron accent
&deg;&#176;°shift+option+8Alt+0176degree sign
&plusmn;&#177;±shift+option+=Alt+0177plus or minus
&sup2;&#178;² Alt+0178superscript two
&sup3;&#179;³ Alt+0179superscript three
&acute;&#180;´shift+option+eAlt+0180acute accent
&micro;&#181;µoption+mAlt+0181micro sign
&para;&#182;option+7Alt+0182paragraph sign
&middot;&#183;·shift+option+9Alt+0183middle dot
&cedil;&#184;¸shift+option+zAlt+0184cedilla
&sup1;&#185;¹ Alt+0185superscript one
&ordm;&#186;ºoption+0Alt+0186masculine ordinal
&raquo;&#187;»shift+option+\Alt+0187right angle quote
&frac14;&#188;¼ Alt+0188one-fourth
&frac12;&#189;½ Alt+0189one-half
&frac34;&#190;¾ Alt+0190three-fourths
&iquest;&#191;¿shift+option+?Alt+0191inverted question mark
&Agrave;&#192;Àoption+` AAlt+0192uppercase A, grave accent
&Aacute;&#193;Áoption+e AAlt+0193uppercase A, acute accent
&Acirc;&#194;Âoption+i AAlt+0194uppercase A, circumflex accent
&Atilde;&#195;Ãoption+n AAlt+0195uppercase A, tilde
&Auml;&#196;Äoption+u AAlt+0196uppercase A, umlaut
&Aring;&#197;Åshift+option+aAlt+0197uppercase A, ring
&AElig;&#198;Æshift+option+’Alt+0198uppercase AE
&Ccedil;&#199;Çshift+option+cAlt+0199uppercase C, cedilla
&Egrave;&#200;Èoption+` EAlt+0200uppercase E, grave accent
&Eacute;&#201;Éoption+e EAlt+0201uppercase E, acute accent
&Ecirc;&#202;Êoption+i EAlt+0202uppercase E, circumflex accent
&Euml;&#203;Ëoption+u EAlt+0203uppercase E, umlaut
&Igrave;&#204;Ìoption+` IAlt+0204uppercase I, grave accent
&Iacute;&#205;Íoption+e IAlt+0205uppercase I, acute accent
&Icirc;&#206;Îoption+i IAlt+0206uppercase I, circumflex accent
&Iuml;&#207;Ïoption+u IAlt+0207uppercase I, umlaut
&ETH;&#208;РAlt+0208uppercase Eth, Icelandic
&Ntilde;&#209;Ñoption+n NAlt+0209uppercase N, tilde
&Ograve;&#210;Òoption+` OAlt+0210uppercase O, grave accent
&Oacute;&#211;Óoption+e OAlt+0211uppercase O, acute accent
&Ocirc;&#212;Ôoption+i OAlt+0212uppercase O, circumflex accent
&Otilde;&#213;Õoption+n OAlt+0213uppercase O, tilde
&Ouml;&#214;Öoption+u OAlt+0214uppercase O, umlaut
&times;&#215;× Alt+0215multiplication sign
&Oslash;&#216;Øshift+option+oAlt+0216uppercase O, slash
&Ugrave;&#217;Ùoption+` UAlt+0217uppercase U, grave accent
&Uacute;&#218;Úoption+e UAlt+0218uppercase U, acute accent
&Ucirc;&#219;Ûoption+i UAlt+0219uppercase U, circumflex accent
&Uuml;&#220;Üoption+u UAlt+0220uppercase U, umlaut
&Yacute;&#221;Ý Alt+0221uppercase Y, acute accent
&THORN;&#222;Þ Alt+0222uppercase THORN, Icelandic
&szlig;&#223;ßoption+sAlt+0223lowercase sharps, German
&agrave;&#224;àoption+` aAlt+0224lowercase a, grave accent
&aacute;&#225;áoption+e aAlt+0225lowercase a, acute accent
&acirc;&#226;âoption+i aAlt+0226lowercase a, circumflex accent
&atilde;&#227;ãoption+n aAlt+0227lowercase a, tilde
&auml;&#228;äoption+u aAlt+0228lowercase a, umlaut
&aring;&#229;åoption+aAlt+0229lowercase a, ring
&aelig;&#230;æoption+’Alt+0230lowercase ae
&ccedil;&#231;çoption+cAlt+0231lowercase c, cedilla
&egrave;&#232;èoption+` eAlt+0232lowercase e, grave accent
&eacute;&#233;éoption+e eAlt+0233lowercase e, acute accent
&ecirc;&#234;êoption+i eAlt+0234lowercase e, circumflex accent
&euml;&#235;ëoption+u eAlt+0235lowercase e, umlaut
&igrave;&#236;ìoption+` iAlt+0236lowercase i, grave accent
&iacute;&#237;íoption+e iAlt+0237lowercase i, acute accent
&icirc;&#238;îoption+i iAlt+0238lowercase i, circumflex accent
&iuml;&#239;ïoption+u iAlt+0239lowercase i, umlaut
&eth;&#240;ð Alt+0240lowercase eth, Icelandic
&ntilde;&#241;ñoption+n nAlt+0241lowercase n, tilde
&ograve;&#242;òoption+` oAlt+0242lowercase o, grave accent
&oacute;&#243;óoption+e oAlt+0243lowercase o, acute accent
&ocirc;&#244;ôoption+i oAlt+0244lowercase o, circumflex accent
&otilde;&#245;õoption+n oAlt+0245lowercase o, tilde
&ouml;&#246;öoption+u oAlt+0246lowercase o, umlaut
&divide;&#247;÷option+/Alt+0247division sign
&oslash;&#248;øoption+oAlt+0248lowercase o, slash
&ugrave;&#249;ùoption+` uAlt+0249lowercase u, grave accent
&uacute;&#250;úoption+e uAlt+0250lowercase u, acute accent
&ucirc;&#251;ûoption+i uAlt+0251lowercase u, circumflex accent
&uuml;&#252;üoption+u uAlt+0252lowercase u, umlaut
&yacute;&#253;ý Alt+0253lowercase y, acute accent
&thorn;&#254;þ Alt+0254lowercase thorn, Icelandic
&yuml;&#255;ÿoption+u yAlt+0255lowercase y, umlaut
&OElig;&#338;Œshift+option+q latin capital ligature OE
&oelig;&#339;œoption+q latin small ligature oe
&fnof;&#402;ƒoption+f latin small f with hook = function = florin
&circ;&#710;ˆshift+option+i circumflex accent
 &#711;ˇshift+option+t caron
 &#729;˙option+h dot above
 &#730;˚option+k ring above
&Omega;&#937;Ωoption+z greek capital letter omega
&pi;&#960;πoption+p greek small letter pi
&sbquo;&#8218;‚shift+option+0 single low-9 quotation mark
&bdquo;&#8222;„shift+option+w double low-9 quotation mark
&bull;&#8226;•option+8 bullet = black small circle
&hellip;&#8230;…option+; horizontal ellipsis
&frasl;&#8260;⁄shit+option+1 fraction slash
&euro;&#8364;€shit+option+2 euro sign
&part;&#8706;∂option+d partial differential
 &#8710;∆option+j increment
&prod;&#8719;∏shift+option+p n-ary product = product sign
&sum;&#8721;∑option+w n-ary summation
&radic;&#8730;√option+v square root = radical sign
&infin;&#8734;∞option+5 infinity
&int;&#8747;∫option+b integral
&asymp;&#8776;≈option+x almost equal to = asymptotic to
&ne;&#8800;≠option+= not equal
&le;&#8804;≤option+(comma) less-than or equal to
&ge;&#8805;≥option+(period) greater-than or equal to
&null;&#64257;fishift+option+5 latin small ligature fi
&null;&#64258;flshift+option+6 latin small ligature fl

Other named HTML character entities

How to use this chart

You can use the html name or number codes in an HTML document (i.e. a webpage or an e-mail that uses HTML format.)

For Macintosh: press the keys as shown. for example “shift+option+w” means press down the shift key, the option key, and the w key all at the same time. “option+e E” means press down the option key and the e key at the same time, then press the E key (capital E).

HTML Name CodeHTML Number CodeGlyphMacOSWindowsDescription
&spades;&#9824;♠  black spade suit
&clubs;&#9827;♣  black club suit
&hearts;&#9829;♥  black heart suit
&diams;&#9830;♦  black diamond suit
&oline;&#8254;‾  overline, = spacing overscore
&larr;&#8592;←  leftward arrow
&uarr;&#8593;↑  upward arrow
&rarr;&#8594;→  rightward arrow
&darr;&#8595;↓  downward arrow
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