‘hindi’
‘devanagari’ –> हिन्दी,
‘IAST’ –> Hindī
OR
‘modern standard hindi’
‘devanagari’ –> मानक हिन्दी,
IAST –> Mānak Hindī)
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(‘hindi’ is a standardized (+ ‘sanskritized’) register of the ‘hindustani language’)
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Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, is one of the official languages of India, along with the English language.
It is one of the 22 ‘scheduled languages’ of the ‘republic of india’)
However, it is not the national language of India because no language was given such a status in the Indian constitution.
Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt, and to a lesser extent other parts of India (usually in a simplified or pidginized variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi).
Outside India, several other languages are recognized officially as “Hindi” but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects of Hindustani, such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri.
Such languages include Fiji Hindi, which is official in Fiji, and Caribbean Hindustani, which is a recognized language in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname.
Apart from specialized vocabulary, spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with Urdu, another recognized register of Hindustani.
As a linguistic variety, Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, Spanish and English.
(alongside ‘urdu’ as ‘hindustani’, it is the third most-spoken language in the world, after ‘mandarin’ and ‘english’)
(ENGLISH is the secondary “official” language)
“devanagari”
(the indian alphabet)
“gujarati”
(the other indian alphabet)
“gurmukhi”
(the OTHER indian alphabet)
“tamil”
(ANOTHER indian language)
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(the languages of india belong to several language families, the major ones being the indo-aryan languages spoken by 75% of indians and the dravidian languages spoken by 20% of ‘indians’)
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Other languages spoken in India belong to the Austroasiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai, and a few other minor language families and isolates.
More than three millennia of language contact has led to significant mutual influence among the four predominant language families in mainland India and South Asia.
The Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language.
The Constitution of India designates the official language of the Government of India as Standard Hindi written in the Devanagari script, as well as English.
The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists 22 languages, which have been referred to as scheduled languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement. In addition, the Government of India has awarded the distinction of classical language to Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and Odia.
According to Census of India of 2001, India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages. However, figures from other sources vary, primarily due to differences in definition of the terms “language” and “dialect”. The 2001 Census recorded 30 languages which were spoken by more than a million native speakers and 122 which were spoken by more than 10,000 people.
Two contact languages have played an important role in the history of India: Persian and English.
Persian was the court language during the Mughal period in India. It reigned as an administrative language for several centuries until the era of British colonisation.
Up until now, English is an important language in India. It is used in higher education and in some areas of the Indian government.
(‘hindi’ (the most widely spoken language in ‘india’ today) serves as the lingua franca across much of ‘north’ and ‘central’ india)
(however, there have been anti-hindi agitations in south india, most notably in the state of ‘tamil nadu’)
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(there is also opposition in ‘non-hindi belt states’ towards any perceived imposition of ‘hindi’ in these areas)
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