‘earth’ –>
(anglo-saxon word ‘erda’)
(‘the 700s’)
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(meaning ‘ground’ / ‘soil’)
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“earth” developed from middle english “erthe”
(recorded in 1137)
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(cognates of ‘jörð’)
(name of giantess of norse myth)
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‘cognates’ –> ‘common etymological origin’
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“terra mater”
(‘mother earth’)
(‘sphere’ of the ‘earth’) (?)
(‘latin’ roots’)
(‘the renaissance’)
(‘early 1400s’)
(the modern english word earth developed from a wide variety of ‘middle english’ forms, which derived from an ‘old english’ noun most often spelled eorðe)
(it has ‘cognates’ in every ‘germanic language’, and their ‘proto-germanic root’ has been reconstructed as *erþō)
(in its earliest appearances, eorðe was already being used to translate the many senses of latin terra and greek γῆ (gē): the ‘ground’, its ‘soil’, ‘dry land’, the ‘human world’, the ‘surface of the world’ (including the ‘sea’), and the ‘globe’ itself)
(as with ‘terra’ and ‘gaia’, ‘earth’ was a ‘personified goddess’ in ‘germanic paganism’: the ‘angles’ were listed by ‘tacitus’ as among the devotees of ‘nerthus’, and later ‘norse mythology’ included ‘jörð’, a ‘giantess’ often given as the mother of ‘thor’)
(originally, earth was written in ‘lowercase’, and from early ‘middle english’, its definite sense as “the globe” was expressed as the earth)
(by ‘early modern english’, many nouns were capitalized, and the earth became (and often remained) the Earth, particularly when referenced along with other ‘heavenly bodies’)
(more recently, the name is sometimes simply given as Earth, by analogy with the names of the other planets)
(‘house styles’ now vary: ‘oxford spelling’ recognizes the ‘lowercase form’ as the most common, with the ‘capitalized form’ an ‘acceptable variant’)
(another convention capitalizes ‘earth’ when appearing as a name (e.g. “Earth’s atmosphere”) but writes it in ‘lowercase’ when preceded by the (e.g. “the atmosphere of the earth”))
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(it almost always appears in ‘lowercase’ in ‘colloquial expressions’ such as “what on earth are you doing?”)
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