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-as of [22 JUNE 2024]–
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*FATTY ACIDS*
(saturated)
(trans)
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-an acid is a [molecule/ion] capable of donating a ‘hydron’ (‘proton’ / hydrogen ion H+)-
(or, alternatively, capable of forming a ‘co-valent bond’ with an ‘electron pair’ (a ‘lewis acid’))
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(the first category of ‘acids’ is the proton donors or ‘brønsted acids’)
(in the special case of ‘aqueous solutions’, proton donors form the hydronium ion H3O+ and are known as ‘arrhenius acids’)
(‘brønsted’ and ‘lowry’ generalized the ‘arrhenius theory’ to include ‘non-aqueous solvents’)
(a ‘brønsted’ or ‘arrhenius’ acid usually contains a ‘hydrogen atom’ bonded to a ‘chemical structure’ that is still ‘energetically favorable’ after loss of H+)
(‘aqueous arrhenius acids’ have characteristic properties which provide a practical description of an ‘acid’)
(‘acids’ form ‘aqueous solutions’ with a sour taste, can turn blue litmus red, and react with ‘bases’ and certain ‘metals’ (like ‘calcium’) to form ‘salts’)
(the word acid is derived from the latin acidus/acēre meaning “sour”)
(an ‘aqueous solution’ of an ‘acid’ has a ‘pH’ less than ‘7’ and is colloquially also referred to as ‘acid’ (as in ‘dissolved in acid’), while the strict definition refers only to the ‘solute’)
(a lower ‘pH’ means a higher ‘acidity’, and thus a higher concentration of ‘positive hydrogen ions’ in the ‘solution’)
(‘chemicals’ or ‘substances’ having the property of an ‘acid’ are said to be ‘acidic’)
(common ‘aqueous acids’ include ‘hydrochloric acid’ (a solution of ‘hydrogen chloride’ which is found in ‘gastric acid’ in the ‘stomach’ and activates ‘digestive enzymes’), ‘acetic acid’ (‘vinegar’ is a ‘dilute aqueous solution’ of this ‘liquid’), ‘sulfuric acid’ (used in ‘car batteries’), and ‘citric acid’ (found in ‘citrus fruits’))
(as these examples show, ‘acids’ (in the ‘colloquial sense’) can be ‘solutions’ or ‘pure substances’, and can be derived from ‘acids’ (in the ‘strict sense’) that are ‘solids’, ‘liquids’, or ‘gases’)
(‘strong acids’ and some concentrated ‘weak acids’ are ‘corrosive’, but there are exceptions such as ‘carboranes’ and ‘boric acid’)
(the second category of ‘acids’ are ‘lewis acids’, which form a ‘covalent bond’ with an ‘electron pair’)
(an example is ‘boron trifluoride’ (BF3), whose ‘boron atom’ has a vacant orbital which can form a ‘covalent bond’ by sharing a lone pair of electrons on an atom in a ‘base;, for example the ‘nitrogen atom’ in ‘ammonia’ (NH3))
(‘lewis’ considered this as a generalization of the ‘brønsted definition’, so that an ‘acid’ is a ‘chemical species’ that accepts ‘electron pairs’ either directly or by releasing ‘protons’ (H+) into the ‘solution’, which then accept ‘electron pairs’)
(however, ‘hydrogen chloride’, ‘acetic acid’, and most other ‘brønsted-lowry acids’ cannot form a ‘covalent bond’ with an ‘electron pair’ and are therefore not ‘lewis acids’)
(conversely, many ‘lewis acids’ are not ‘arrhenius’ or ‘brønsted-lowry’ acids)
(in modern terminology, an acid is implicitly a “brønsted acid” and not a ‘lewis acid’, since chemists almost always refer to a ‘lewis acid’ explicitly as a “lewis acid”)
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥