-as of [8 APRIL 2024]–
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(‘animal fats’ are complex mixtures of ‘triglycerides’ (stored energy)…)
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(…with lesser amounts of both the [‘phospholipids’ / ‘cholesterol’ molecules] from which all animal (+ human) ‘cell membranes’ are constructed)
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(since all animal cells manufacture ‘cholesterol’, all animal-based foods contain cholesterol in varying amounts)
(major dietary sources of ‘cholesterol’ include
‘cheese’,
‘egg yolks’, ‘beef’, ‘pork’, ‘poultry’, ‘fish’, and ‘shrimp’)
(‘human breast milk’ also contains significant quantities of ‘cholesterol’)
(from a dietary perspective, because plant cells do not manufacture cholesterol, it is not found in plant-based foods)
(some plant-based products, such as ‘avocado’, ‘flax seeds’, and ‘peanuts’, contain ‘cholesterol-like’ compounds called ‘phytosterols’, which are believed to compete with ‘cholesterol’ for absorption in the ‘intestines’, reducing the absorption of both ‘dietary’ and ‘bile’ cholesterol)
(‘phytosterols’ can be supplemented through the use of phytosterol-containing ‘functional foods’ or ‘nutraceuticals’ that are recognized as having LDL-cholesterol (more relevant LDL-P responses not studied) lowering efficacy)
(this data does not reflect actual changes in LDL particle concentrations and has not been evaluated for cardiovascular disease outcomes)
(some supplemental guidelines have recommended doses of ‘phytosterols’ in the 1.6-3.0 grams per day range (Health Canada, EFSA, ATP III, FDA) with a recent meta-analysis demonstrating an 8.8% reduction in LDL-cholesterol at a mean dose of 2.15 grams per day)
(however, the benefits of a diet supplemented with phytosterol have been questioned, and evidence exists that absorbed plant ‘phytosterols’ are much more ‘atherogenic’ than ‘animal cholesterol’)
(the fraction of cholesterol in the intestines which is absorbed varies from 15% to 75%, and group averages are about 50%, with the remainder excreted in the feces)
(‘free cholesterol’ is much more likely to be absorbed than ‘esterified cholesterol’, and the proportion of ‘free’ versus ‘esterified’ cholesterol varies between different food sources)
(in February 2015, reversing decades-long recommendations, the ‘USDA Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee’ recommended repealing the guideline that Americans limit cholesterol intake, because ‘dietary cholesterol’ intake has never correlated well with ‘serum cholesterol’ levels)
(the committee looked for and found evidence that replacing ‘saturated fat’ with ‘unsaturated fat’ could lower LDL-cholesterol levels, and that low-fat diets which replaced ‘saturated fat’ with ‘carbohydrates’ could lower both LDL-cholesterol (LDL-P not evaluated) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-P not evaluated) concentrations)
(‘trans fats’ have been shown to reduce levels of HDL while increasing levels of LDL)
(based on such evidence and evidence implicating low HDL-C and high LDL-C levels in ‘cardiovascular disease’ (see ‘hypercholesterolemia’), many health authorities advocate reducing LDL-cholesterol through changes in diet in addition to other lifestyle modifications)
(however, LDL-C is a calculated estimate rather than a measurement of the LDL particles)
(similarly, HDL-C is not a measured HDL-P)
(‘outcome data’ has always tracked ‘particle concentrations’ rather than ‘cholesterol values’)
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(increased dietary intake of ‘industrial trans fats’ is associated with an increased risk in…)
‘all-cause mortality’
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‘cardio-vascular diseases’
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‘type 2 diabetes’
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥