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“Customs of Central Asians. Circumcision.”
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“Photograph shows a group of men seated on the ground near a small boy who is being circumcised.” Albumen print. “Illus. in: Turkestanskīi al’bom, chast’ ėtnograficheskaia…, 1871-1872, part 2, vol. 1, pl. 71.” “Batga [sic] buri” translated from Persian as “circumcision.”
Unknown author – Library of Congress
Public Domain
File:Circumcision central Asia2.jpg
Created: between 1865 and 1872 date QS:P,+1850-00-00T00:00:00Z/7,P1319,+1865-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1872-00-00T00:00:00Z/9
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(1865 – 1872)
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“circumcision”
*from latin ‘circumcidere’ –> “to cut around”*
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(‘male circumcision’ is the removal of ‘some’ (or ‘all’) of the ‘foreskin’ (aka ‘prepuce’) from the ‘penis’)
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*foreskin* –>
*double-layered fold of skin around the penis*
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(in the most common procedure…)
*the ‘foreskin’ is opened*
*’adhesions’ are removed*
*the ‘foreskin’ is separated from the ‘glans’*
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(after that, the circumcision device (if used) is placed, and then the foreskin is cut off)
Topical or locally injected anesthesia is occasionally used to reduce pain and physiologic stress.
For adults and children, general anesthesia is an option, and the procedure may be performed without a specialized circumcision device.
The procedure is most often an elective surgery performed on babies and children for religious and cultural reasons.
In other cases it may be done as a treatment for a condition or for preventative reasons.
Medically, it is a treatment option for problematic cases of phimosis, balanoposthitis that does not resolve with other treatments, and chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs).
It is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.
The positions of the world’s major medical organizations range from considering elective circumcision of babies and children as having no benefit and significant risks to having a modest health benefit that outweighs small risks. No major medical organization recommends either universal circumcision for all males (aside from the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for areas with high rates of HIV), or banning the procedure.
Ethical and legal questions regarding informed consent and human rights have been raised over the circumcision of babies and children for non-medical reasons, and for that reason the procedure is controversial.
Evidence supports that male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection among heterosexual men in sub-Saharan Africa.
Therefore, the WHO recommends considering circumcision as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention program in areas with high rates of HIV, such as Sub Saharan Africa.
Evidence for a health benefit against HIV for men who have sex with men is less clear.
Additionally, the effectiveness of using circumcision to prevent HIV in the developed world is also unclear.
Circumcision in general is associated with reduced rates of cancer causing forms of HPV and risk of both UTIs and cancer of the penis.
Prevention of those conditions is not a justification for routine circumcision of infants.
Studies of its potential protective effects against other sexually transmitted infections have been unclear.
A 2010 review of literature found circumcisions performed by medical providers to have a typical complication rate of 1.5% for babies and 6% for older children, with few cases of severe complications.
Bleeding, infection and the removal of either too much or too little foreskin are the most common complications cited.
Complication rates are higher when the procedure is performed by an inexperienced operator, in unsterile conditions, or when the child is at an older age.
Circumcision does not appear to have a negative impact on sexual function.
*an estimated 1/3 of males worldwide are ‘circumcised’*
The procedure is most common in the Muslim world and Israel (where it is near-universal for religious reasons), the United States, and parts of Southeast Asia and Africa.
It is relatively rare in Europe, Latin America, parts of Southern Africa, and most of Asia.
The origin of circumcision is not known with certainty; the oldest documented evidence for it comes from ancient Egypt.
Various theories have been proposed as to its origin, including as a religious sacrifice and as a rite of passage marking a boy’s entrance into adulthood.
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*it is part of ‘religious law’ in ‘judaism’*
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(…and is an ‘established practice’ in…)
‘islam’
‘coptic christianity’
*the ‘ethiopian orthodox church’*
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥