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(1818 – 1883)
(german ‘philosopher’, ‘economist’, ‘sociologist’, ‘journalist’, and ‘revolutionary socialist’)
(his ideas are credited as the ‘foundation of modern communism’)
(his father, ‘heinrich marx’, was born a jew but converted to ‘lutheranism’ prior to karl’s birth, in part in order to advance his career as a lawyer)
(a man of the ‘enlightenment’, ‘heinrich’ was devoted to ‘kant’ and ‘voltaire’, who took part in agitations for a constitution in ‘prussia’)
(prussian philosopher)
(“religion is the opiate of the masses”)
(born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy)
(as an adult, Marx became stateless and spent much of his life in London, England, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker ‘Friedrich Engels’ and published various works, the most well-known being the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto)
His work has since influenced subsequent intellectual, economic, and political history.
(Marx’s theories about society, economics and politics—collectively understood as ‘Marxism’—hold that human societies develop through ‘class struggle’; in ‘capitalism’, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ‘ruling classes’ (known as the ‘bourgeoisie’) that control the ‘means of production’ and ‘working classes’ (known as the ‘proletariat’) that enable these means by selling their labor for wages)
(through his theories of ‘alienation’, value, commodity fetishism, and surplus value, Marx argued that capitalism facilitated social relations and ideology through commodification, inequality, and the ‘exploitation of labor’)
(employing a critical approach known as ‘historical materialism’, Marx propounded the theory of ‘base and superstructure’, asserting that the cultural and political conditions of society, as well as its notions of human nature, are largely determined by obscured economic foundations)
(these economic critiques were set out in influential works such as the three volumes, published between 1867 and 1894, that comprise Das Kapital)
(according to Marx, states are run in the interests of the ruling class but are nonetheless represented as being in favor of the common interest of all)
(he predicted that, like previous socioeconomic systems, ‘capitalism’ produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system: ‘socialism’)
(for Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism, owing in part to its instability and crisis-prone nature, would eventuate the working class’ development of ‘class consciousness’, leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a classless, communist society governed by a ‘free association of producers’)
(Marx actively fought for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organized ‘revolutionary action’ to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic ’emancipation’)
(Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and his work has been both lauded and criticized)
(His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labor and its relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought)
(many intellectuals, labor unions, artists and political parties worldwide have been influenced by Marx’s work, with many modifying or adapting his ideas)
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(‘marx’ is typically cited as one of the principal architects of modern ‘sociology’ and ‘social science’)
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👈👈👈☜*“SELF-HATING JEWS”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥