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*1814* —>
(the “treaty of ghent” was signed in’ ghent’ (present-day belgium), ending the “war of 1812” between the “united kingdom” + the “united states”)
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(the war of 1812 was a military conflict that lasted from June 1812 to February 1815, fought between the “United States of America” and the “United Kingdom”, its “North American colonies”, and its ‘native american allies’)
(historians in the ‘United States’ and ‘Canada’ see it as a war in its own right, but the British often see it as a minor theatre of the “Napoleonic Wars”)
(by the war’s end in early 1815, the key issues had been resolved and peace returned with no boundary changes)
(the ‘United States’ declared war for several reasons, including trade restrictions brought about by the British war with France, the ‘impressment’ of as many as 10,000 American merchant sailors into the “Royal Navy”, British support for Native American tribes fighting ‘European American’ settlers on the frontier, outrage over insults to national honor during the “Chesapeake–Leopard Affair”, and interest in the ‘United States’ in expanding its borders west)
(the primary British war goal was to defend their North American colonies; they also hoped to set up a neutral Native American buffer state in the US Midwest that would impede US expansion in the Old Northwest and to minimize American trade with ‘Napoleonic France’, which Britain was blockading)
(the war was fought in three theatres)
(first, at sea, warships and privateers of each side attacked the other’s merchant ships, while the British blockaded the Atlantic coast of the United States and mounted large raids in the later stages of the war)
(second, land and naval battles were fought on the U.S.–Canadian frontier)
(third, large-scale battles were fought in the ‘Southern United States’ and ‘Gulf Coast’)
(at the end of the war, both sides signed and ratified the “Treaty of Ghent” and, in accordance with the treaty, returned occupied land, prisoners of war and captured ships (with the exception of warships due to frequent re-commissioning upon capture) to their pre-war owners and resumed friendly trade relations without restriction)
(with the majority of its land and naval forces tied down in ‘Europe’ fighting the “Napoleonic Wars”, the British used a defensive strategy until 1814)
(early victories over poorly-led U.S. armies demonstrated that the conquest of the Canadas would prove more difficult than anticipated)
(despite this, the U.S. was able to inflict serious defeats on Britain’s Native American allies, ending the prospect of an independent “Indian confederacy” in the Midwest under British sponsorship)
(U.S. forces took control of ‘Lake Erie’ in 1813, and seized western parts of ‘Upper Canada’, but further American offensives aimed at ‘Montreal’ failed, and the war also degenerated into a stalemate in ‘Upper Canada’ by 1814)
(in April 1814, with the defeat of Napoleon, Britain now had large numbers of spare troops and adopted a more aggressive strategy, launching invasions of the United States; however, an invasion of New York was defeated at ‘Plattsburgh’, and a second force, although successfully capturing ‘Washington’, was ultimately repulsed during an attack on ‘Baltimore’)
(both governments were eager for a return to normality and peace negotiations began in ‘Ghent’ in August 1814)
(these repulses led Britain to drop demands for a native buffer state and some territorial claims, and peace was finally signed in December 1814, although news failed to arrive before the British suffered a major defeat at New Orleans in January 1815)
(in the United States, late victories over invading British armies at the battles of Plattsburgh, Baltimore (inspiring the United States national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner”) and New Orleans produced a sense of euphoria over a “second war of independence” against Britain)
(this brought an “Era of Good Feelings” in which partisan animosity nearly vanished in the face of strengthened American nationalism)
(the war was also a major turning point in the development of the U.S. military, with militia being increasingly replaced by a more professional force)
(the U.S. also acquired permanent ownership of Spain’s “Mobile District”, although Spain was not a belligerent)
(in ‘Upper’ and ‘Lower’ Canada, British and local Canadian militia victories over invading U.S. armies became iconic and promoted the development of a distinct ‘Canadian’ identity, which included strong loyalty to Britain)
(today, particularly in ‘Ontario’, memory of the war retains significance, because the defeat of the invasions ensured that the Canadas would remain part of the ‘British Empire’, rather than be annexed by the “United States”)
(the government of Canada declared a three-year commemoration of the “War of 1812” in 2012, intended to offer historical lessons and celebrate 200 years of peace across the border)
(the conflict has not been commemorated on nearly the same level in the modern-day United States, though it is still taught as an important part of early American history, and “Dolley Madison” and Andrew Jackson’s respective roles in the war are especially emphasized)
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(the war is scarcely remembered in ‘britain’, being heavily overshadowed by the much larger “napoleonic wars” occurring in ‘europe’)
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*“THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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👈👈👈☜*“FORMAL AMERICAN WARS”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥