*GREEK WORD* –>
κάτω
kato
“downward”
+
βάλλειν
ballein
“to throw”
.
(‘catabolism’ is the set of ‘metabolic pathways’ that breaks down ‘molecules’ into ‘smaller units’ that are either…)
*’oxidized’*
(to release ‘energy’)
OR
*used in other ‘anabolic reactions’*
.
(‘catabolism’ breaks down ‘large molecules’ (such as ‘polysaccharides’ / ‘lipids’ / ‘nucleic acids’ / ‘proteins’) into ‘smaller units’ (such as ‘monosaccharides’ / ‘fatty acids’ / ‘nucleotides’ / ‘amino acids’ respectively))
(‘cells’ use the ‘monomers’ released from breaking down ‘polymers’ to either construct new ‘polymer molecules’, or degrade the ‘monomers’ further to simple ‘waste products’, releasing ‘energy’)
(‘cellular wastes’ include (‘lactic acid’ / ‘acetic acid’ / ‘carbon dioxide’ / ‘ammonia’ / ‘urea’))
(the creation of these wastes is usually an ‘oxidation process’ involving a release of ‘chemical free energy’, some of which is lost as ‘heat’, but the rest of which is used to drive the synthesis of ‘adenosine triphosphate’ (ATP))
(this ‘molecule’ acts as a way for the ‘cell’ to transfer the ‘energy’ released by ‘catabolism’ to the energy-requiring reactions that make up ‘anabolism’)
(‘catabolism’ is seen as ‘destructive metabolism’)
(as ‘anabolism’ is ‘constructive metabolism’)
(‘catabolism’ therefore provides the ‘chemical energy’ necessary for the ‘maintenance’ + ‘growth’ of cells)
.
(examples of ‘catabolic processes’ include…)
*’glycolysis’*
*the ‘citric acid cycle’*
*the ‘breakdown’ of ‘muscle protein’ in order to use ‘amino acids’ as ‘substrates’ for ‘gluco-neo-genesis’*
*the breakdown of ‘fat’ in ‘adipose tissue’ to ‘fatty acids’*
*’oxidative de-amination’ of ‘neurotransmitters’ by ‘monoamine oxidase’*
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(there are many signals that control ‘catabolism’)
(most of the known signals are ‘hormones’ and the molecules involved in ‘metabolism’ itself)
(‘endocrinologists’ have traditionally classified many of the hormones as ‘anabolic’ or ‘catabolic’, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate)
(the so-called classic ‘catabolic hormones’ known since the early 1900s are ‘cortisol’, ‘glucagon’, and ‘adrenaline’ (and other ‘catecholamines’))
(in recent decades, many more hormones with at least some ‘catabolic effects’ have been discovered, including ‘cytokines’, ‘orexin’ (also known as ‘hypocretin’), and ‘melatonin’)
(many of these ‘catabolic hormones’ express an ‘anti-catabolic effect’ in muscle tissue)
(one study found that the administration of ‘epinephrine’ (aka ‘adrenaline’) had an ‘anti-proteolytic effect’, and in fact suppressed ‘catabolism’ rather than promoted it)
.
(another study found that ‘catecholamines’ in general (the main ones being ‘epinephrine’ / ‘norepinephrine’ / ‘dopamine’) greatly decreased the rate of ‘muscle catabolism’)
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥