(a road sign in ‘uganda’)
(‘september 2004’)
(as ‘english’ is a primary language)
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*also known as female genital cutting + female circumcision*
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(to prevent women from experiencing sexual pleasure)
(so they can be more easily married to old men)
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(“female genital mutilation” (FGM), is the ritual removal of some or all of the ‘external female genitalia’)
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(the practice is found in ‘Africa’, Asia and the Middle East, and within communities from countries in which FGM is common)
(UNICEF estimated in 2016 that 200 million women alive today in 30 countries (27 African countries, Indonesia, Iraqi Kurdistan and Yemen) had undergone the procedures)
(typically carried out by a traditional circumciser using a blade, FGM is conducted from days after birth to puberty and beyond)
(in half the countries for which national figures are available, most girls are cut before the age of 5)
(procedures differ according to the country or ethnic group)
(they include removal of the clitoral hood and clitoral glans; removal of the inner labia; and removal of the inner and outer labia and closure of the ‘vulva’)
(in this last procedure (known as infibulation), a small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual fluid; the vagina is opened for intercourse and opened further for childbirth)
(the practice is rooted in gender inequality, attempts to control women’s sexuality, and ideas about purity, modesty and beauty)
(it is usually initiated and carried out by women, who see it as a source of honour, and who fear that failing to have their daughters and granddaughters cut will expose the girls to social exclusion)
(the health effects depend on the procedure; they can include recurrent infections, difficulty urinating and passing menstrual flow, chronic pain, the development of cysts, an inability to get pregnant, complications during childbirth, and fatal bleeding)
(there are no known health benefits)
(there have been international efforts since the 1970s to persuade practitioners to abandon FGM)
(as a result it has been outlawed or restricted in most of the countries in which it occurs, although the laws are poorly enforced)
(the opposition to the practice is not without its critics, particularly among anthropologists, who have raised difficult questions about cultural relativism and the universality of human rights)
Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting and female circumcision, is the ritual removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. Typically carried out by a traditional circumciser using a blade, with or without anaesthesia, FGM is concentrated in 27 African countries, Yemen and Iraqi Kurdistan, and found elsewhere in Asia, the Middle East, and among diaspora communities around the world.[8][n 1] It is conducted from days after birth to puberty and beyond; in half the countries for which national figures are available, most girls are cut before the age of five.[4]
The procedures differ according to the ethnic group. They include removal of the clitoral hood and clitoral glans, removal of the inner labia, and in the most severe form (known as infibulation) removal of the inner and outer labia and closure of the vulva. In this last procedure, a small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual fluid; the vagina is opened for intercourse and opened further for childbirth. Health effects depend on the procedure, but can include recurrent infections, chronic pain, cysts, an inability to get pregnant, complications during childbirth, and fatal bleeding.[11] There are no known health benefits.[12]
The practice is rooted in gender inequality, attempts to control women’s sexuality, and ideas about purity, modesty and aesthetics. It is usually initiated and carried out by women, who see it as a source of honour and fear that failing to have their daughters and granddaughters cut will expose the girls to social exclusion.[n 2] Over 130 million women and girls have experienced FGM in the 29 countries in which it is concentrated.[3] The United Nations Population Fund estimates that 20 percent of affected women have been infibulated, a practice found largely in northeast Africa, particularly Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia and northern Sudan
FGM has been outlawed or restricted in most of the countries in which it occurs, but the laws are poorly enforced.
There have been international efforts since the 1970s to persuade practitioners to abandon it, and in 2012 the United Nations General Assembly, recognizing FGM as a human-rights violation, voted unanimously to intensify those efforts.
the opposition is not without its critics, particularly among anthropologists.
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(‘eric silverman’ writes that ‘FGM’ has become one of anthropology’s central moral topics, raising difficult questions about…)
‘cultural relativism’
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‘tolerance’
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*the ‘universality’ of ‘human rights’*
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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👈👈👈☜*“THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥