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(“the fountainhead” is a ‘1943 novel’ by ‘ayn rand’ and was her first major literary success)
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(the novel’s protagonist (‘howard roark’) is an ‘individualistic young architect’ who refuses to compromise his ‘artistic’ + ‘personal’ vision for ‘worldly recognition’ + ‘success’)
(the story follows his battle to practice ‘modern architecture’ while opposed by an ‘establishment’ centered on ‘tradition’)
(‘roark’ embodies what ‘rand’ believed to be the ‘ideal man’, and his struggle reflects rand’s belief that ‘individualism’ is ‘superior’ to ‘collectivism’)
(‘roark’ is opposed by what ‘rand’ described as “second-handers”, who value ‘conformity’ more than ‘independence’ + ‘integrity’)
(these include roark’s former classmate ‘peter keating’, who succeeds by following ‘popular styles’, but turns to ‘roark’ for help with ‘design problems’)
(‘ellsworth toohey’, a ‘socialist architecture critic’ who uses his influence to promote his ‘political’ + ‘social’ agendas, tries to destroy roark’s career)
*remember that this novel was written during ‘world war 2’ as albert speer built his grandiose hitler buildings*
(newspaper publisher ‘gail wynand’ seeks to shape ‘popular opinion’)
(he befriends ‘roark’, then betrays him when ‘public opinion’ turns in a direction he cannot control)
(the novel’s most controversial character is roark’s lover, ‘dominique francon’)
(she believes that ‘non-conformity’ has no chance of winning, so she alternates between helping ‘roark’ and working to undermine him)
(their relationship begins with a ‘sexual encounter’ that ‘feminist critics’ have denounced as endorsing ‘rape’)
(12 publishers rejected the ‘manuscript before an editor at the ‘bobbs-merrill company’ risked his job to get it published)
(contemporary reviewer opinions were ‘mixed’)
(some praised the novel as a powerful presentation of ‘individualism’, while others thought it ‘overlong’ + ‘lacking sympathetic characters’)
(‘initial sales’ were slow, but the book gained a following by ‘word of mouth’ and became a ‘best-seller’)
(more than ‘6.5 million copies’ have been sold worldwide)
(it has been translated into more than ’20 languages’)
(the novel attracted a new following for ‘rand’ and has had ongoing influence, especially among ‘political libertarians’ + in the field of ‘architecture’)
(the novel has been adapted to other media several times)
(an ‘illustrated adaptation’ was syndicated to newspapers in ‘1945’)
(‘warner brothers’ produced a ‘film version’ in ‘1949’)
(‘rand’ wrote the ‘screenplay’, and ‘gary cooper’ played ‘roark’)
(the film was panned by critics and earned less than its ‘production budget’ at the ‘box office’)
(several filmmakers have considered doing a ‘remake’, but no new ‘film adaptation’ has been done)
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(in ‘2014’, belgian theater director ‘ivo van hove’ created a ‘stage adaptation’, which has received mostly positive reviews)
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥