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-as of [21 SEPTEMBER 2024]–
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“may ‘the force’ be with you!”
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*aka ‘fundamental interactions’*
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*4 ‘FUNDAMENTAL FORCES’*
(from ‘weakest’ to ‘strongest’)
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*FOR ‘BIG BODIES’* –>
#1
“GRAVITY”
(all ‘matter’ moving closer in ‘space’ over ‘time’)
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*FOR ‘SMALL BODIES’* –>
#2
“WEAK INTERACTION”
(protons/neutrons ‘decay’ over ‘time’)
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#3
“ELECTRO-MAGNETISM”
(protons/electrons attract one another)
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#4
“STRONG INTERACTION”
(the binding of “quarks” to form “hadrons”)
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-in ‘physics’, the fundamental forces are the interactions that do not appear to be ‘reducible’ to more ‘basic interactions’-
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[there are 4 fundamental interactions known to exist…]
the ‘gravitational’/’electromagnetic’ interactions…
which produce significant long-range ‘forces’ whose effects can be seen directly in ‘everyday life’
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and the ‘strong’/’weak’ interactions…]
which produce ‘forces’ at [minuscule/sub-atomic distances] and govern ‘nuclear interactions’
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(some ‘scientists’ speculate that a ‘fifth force’ might exist, but this is not ‘widely accepted’ nor ‘proven’)
(each of the known fundamental interactions can be described mathematically as a field)
(the ‘gravitational force’ is attributed to the ‘curvature’ of ‘spacetime’, described by einstein’s ‘general theory of relativity’)
(the other 3 are ‘discrete quantum fields’, and their interactions are mediated by ‘elementary particles’ described by the ‘standard model’ of ‘particle physics’)
(within the ‘standard model’, the ‘strong interaction’ is carried by a particle called the ‘gluon’, and is responsible for ‘quarks’ binding together to form ‘hadrons’, such as ‘protons’ and ‘neutrons’)
(as a ‘residual effect’, it creates the ‘nuclear force’ that binds the latter particles to form ‘atomic nuclei’)
(the ‘weak interaction’ is carried by particles called ‘W’ and ‘Z’ bosons, and also acts on the ‘nucleus’ of ‘atoms’, mediating ‘radioactive decay’)
(the ‘electromagnetic force’, carried by the ‘photon’, creates ‘electric’ and ‘magnetic’ fields, which are responsible for the attraction between ‘orbital electrons’ and ‘atomic nuclei’ which holds atoms together, as well as ‘chemical bonding’ and ‘electromagnetic waves’, including ‘visible light’, and forms the basis for ‘electrical technology’)
(although the ‘electromagnetic force’ is far stronger than ‘gravity’, it tends to ‘cancel itself out’ within ‘large objects’, so over the ‘largest distances’ (on the scale of ‘planets’ and ‘galaxies’), ‘gravity’ tends to be the ‘dominant force’)
(all 4 fundamental forces are believed to be related, and to unite into a ‘single force’ at ‘high energies’ on a ‘minuscule scale’ (aka ‘the planck scale’), but ‘particle accelerators’ cannot produce the ‘enormous energies’ required to experimentally probe this)
(efforts to devise a ‘common theoretical framework’ that would explain the relation between the ‘forces’ are perhaps the greatest goal of ‘theoretical physicists’ today)
(the ‘weak’ and ‘electromagnetic’ forces have already been unified with the ‘electroweak theory’ of ‘sheldon glashow’, ‘abdus salam’, and ‘steven weinberg’ for which they received the ‘1979 nobel prize’ in ‘physics’)
(progress is currently being made in uniting the ‘electroweak’ and ‘strong’ fields within a ‘grand unified theory’ (aka ‘GUT’))
(a bigger challenge is to find a way to ‘quantize’ the ‘gravitational field’, resulting in a theory of ‘quantum gravity’ (aka ‘QG’) which would unite ‘gravity’ in a common theoretical framework with the other 3 forces)
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(some theories (notably ‘string theory’) seek both ‘QG’ and ‘GUT’ within 1 framework, unifying all 4 fundamental interactions along with ‘mass generation’ within a ‘theory of everything’ (aka ‘ToE’))
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥