*“THE ‘SPACE RACE'”*
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*’space exploration’ is the ongoing ‘discovery’ + ‘exploration’ of ‘celestial structures’ in ‘outer space’ by means of continuously ‘evolving’ (+ hopefully ‘growing’) ‘space technology’*
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(while the study of ‘space’ is carried out mainly by ‘astronomers’ with ‘telescopes’, the ‘physical exploration’ of ‘space’ is conducted both by ‘unmanned robotic space probes’ + ‘human spaceflight’)
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(while the observation of ‘objects’ in ‘space’ (known as ‘astronomy) predates ‘reliable recorded history’, it was the development of ‘large’ (+ ‘relatively efficient’) rockets during the ‘mid-1900s’ that allowed ‘physical space exploration’ to become a ‘reality’)
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[common rationales for exploring space include…]
‘advancing scientific research’
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‘national prestige’
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‘uniting different nations’
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‘ensuring the future survival of humanity’
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‘developing military + strategic advantages against other countries’
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(‘space exploration’ has often been used as a ‘proxy competition’ for geopolitical rivalries such as the ‘cold war’)
(the early era of space exploration was driven by a “Space Race” between the ‘Soviet Union’ and the ‘United States’)
(the launch of the first human-made object to orbit ‘Earth’, the Soviet Union’s “Sputnik 1”, on ‘4 October 1957’, and the first moon landing by the american ‘Apollo 11′ mission on ’20 July 1969’ are often taken as landmarks for this initial period)
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(the ‘Soviet Space Program’ achieved many of the 1st milestones, including…)
the first living being in orbit
1957
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the first human spaceflight
(‘Yuri Gagarin’ aboard Vostok 1)
1961
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the first spacewalk
(by ‘Aleksei Leonov’)
on ’18 March 1965′
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the first automatic landing on another celestial body
in 1966
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and the launch of the first space station
(Salyut 1)
1971)
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(after the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the ‘Space Shuttle’ program, and from competition to cooperation as with the ‘International Space Station’ (ISS))
(with the substantial completion of the ‘ISS’ following ‘STS-133’ in March 2011, plans for space exploration by the USA remain in flux)
(‘Constellation’, a Bush Administration program for a return to the ‘Moon’ by 2020 was judged ‘inadequately funded’ and ‘unrealistic’ by an expert review panel reporting in 2009)
(the ‘Obama Administration’ proposed a revision of ‘Constellation’ in 2010 to focus on the development of the capability for crewed missions beyond ‘low earth orbit’ (LEO), envisioning extending the operation of the ISS beyond 2020, transferring the development of launch vehicles for human crews from ‘NASA’ to the ‘private sector’, and developing technology to enable missions to beyond ‘LEO’, such as ‘Earth–Moon L1’, the ‘Moon’, ‘Earth–Sun L2’, ‘near-Earth asteroids’, and ‘Phobos’ or ‘Mars’ orbit)
(in the 2000s, the ‘People’s Republic of China’ initiated a successful manned spaceflight program, while the ‘European Union’, ‘Japan’, and ‘India’ have also planned future manned space missions)
(‘China’, ‘Russia’, ‘Japan’, and ‘India’ have advocated manned missions to the ‘Moon’ during the 21st century, while the ‘European Union’ has advocated manned missions to both the ‘Moon’ and ‘Mars’ during the 20th/21st century)
(from the ‘1990s’ onwards, private interests began promoting ‘space tourism’ and then public space exploration of the ‘moon’)
(see “google lunar x prize”)
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥