.
-as of [9 DECEMBER 2023]–
.
*ABBREVIATED ‘DST’*
.
.
“spring forward” —>
<— “fall backward”
.
*13 MARCH 2022*
.
*6 NOVEMBER 2022*
.
.
[‘daylight savings time’ STARTS on 2nd sunday of march 2AM]
(+1 hour]
.
[‘dayling savings time’ ENDS on 1st sunday of november 2AM]
(-1 hour)
.
.
*4 BASIC ROTATIONS*
*COMMON YEAR* –> *COMMON YEAR* –> *COMMON YEAR*
*LEAP YEAR* –> *COMMON YEAR* –> *COMMON YEAR*
*COMMON YEAR* –> *LEAP YEAR* –> *COMMON YEAR*
*COMMON YEAR* –> *COMMON YEAR* –> *LEAP YEAR*
.
(choose an example for each)
1981 –> 1982 –> 1983
1984 –> 1985 –> 1986
1983 –> 1984 –> 1985
1982 –> 1983 –> 1984
.
.
*AKA* –>
“SUMMER TIME”
.
“LATE SPRING” / “SUMMER” / “MID AUTUMN”
(no ‘winter’)
.
*’daylight savings time’ is the practice of advancing ‘clocks’ during ‘summer months’ by ‘1 hour’*
(so that ‘evening daylight’ lasts an hour longer…)
(…while sacrificing normal ‘sunrise times’*
.
(typically, regions with ‘summer time’ adjust clocks forward 1 hour close to the start of ‘spring’ + adjust them backward in the ‘autumn’ to ‘standard time’)
(new zealander ‘george hudson’ proposed the idea of ‘daylight saving’ in ‘1895’)
(‘germany’ + ‘austria-hungary’ organized the first nationwide implementation)
*starting on ’30 april 1916’*
(many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the ‘energy crisis’ of the ‘1970s’)
(the practice has both ‘advocates’ + ‘critics’)
.
(putting clocks forward benefits…)
‘retailing’
‘sports’
(and other activities that exploit ‘sunlight’ after ‘working hours’)
.
(but can cause problems for outdoor entertainment + other activities tied to sunlight (such as ‘farming’))
.
(though some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of ‘incandescent lighting’—once a primary use of electricity— today’s heating + cooling ‘usage patterns’ differ greatly + research about how DST affects ‘energy use’ is ‘limited’ or ‘contradictory’)
(‘DST clock shifts’ sometimes complicate ‘time-keeping’)
.
(it can disrupt…)
‘travel’
‘billing’
‘record-keeping’
‘medical devices’
‘heavy equipment’
‘sleep patterns’
.
(computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates and timings may be confusing)
(the history of standard time in the United States began 18 november 1883, when ‘american’ + ‘canadian’ railroads instituted standard time in ‘time zones’)
(before then, ‘time of day’ was a local matter, and most cities and towns used some form of ‘local solar time’, maintained by some well-known clock (for example, on a church steeple or in a jeweler’s window).
(the new “standard time system” was not immediately embraced by all)
(use of ‘standard time’ gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel)
(“standard time” in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the “Standard Time Act of 1918” of 19 march 1918, also known as the “Calder Act” (15 USC 260))
(the act also established “daylight saving time”, itself a contentious idea)
(“daylight saving time” was repealed in 1919, but ‘standard time’ in time zones remained in law, with the “Interstate Commerce Commission” (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries)
(‘daylight time’ became a local matter)
(it was re-established nationally early in World War II, and was continuously observed until the end of the war)
(after the war its use varied among states and localities)
(the ‘uniform time act of 1966’ provided standardization in the dates of ‘beginning’ + ‘end’ of daylight time in the U.S. but allowed for local exemptions from its observance)
(the act also continued the authority of the ICC over ‘time zone’ boundaries)
(in subsequent years, the ‘United States Congress’ transferred the authority over ‘time zones’ to the ‘U.S. Department of Transportation’ (DOT), modified (several times) the beginning date of ‘daylight time’, and renamed the three westernmost ‘time zones’)
(‘time zone’ boundaries have changed greatly since their original introduction and changes still occasionally occur)
(DOT issues press releases when these changes are made)
(generally, ‘time zone’ boundaries have tended to shift westward)
(places on the eastern edge of a ‘time zone’ can effectively move sunset an hour later (by the clock) by shifting to the ‘time zone’ immediately to their east)
(if they do so, the boundary of that zone is locally shifted to the west; the accumulation of such changes results in the ‘long-term westward trend’)
(the process is not inexorable, however, since the late sunrises experienced by such places during the winter may be regarded as too undesirable)
(furthermore, under the law, the principal standard for deciding on a time zone change is the “convenience of commerce”)
(proposed ‘time zone’ changes have been both approved and rejected based on this criterion, although most such proposals have been accepted)
(the U.S. “Federal Uniform Time Act” became law on 13 april 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October, effective in 1967)
(the act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning + ending of ‘DST’)
(any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempted the entire state, and ‘Alaska’, ‘Arizona’, ‘Hawaii’, ‘Indiana’, and ‘Michigan’ chose to do so)
(however, ‘Alaska’, ‘Indiana’, and ‘Michigan’ subsequently chose to observe DST)
(the law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone)
(‘Indiana’ chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the ‘Eastern Time Zone’; however, that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of ‘Indiana’ now observes DST, leaving ‘Arizona’ (with the exception of the ‘Navajo Indian Reservation’) and ‘Hawaii’ as the only two states not to observe DST)
(on 8 july 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the “Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986” into law that contained a ‘daylight saving rider’ authored by “Senator Slade Gorton” (R-WA))
(the starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987)
(DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October)
(while the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST, they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law (15 USC 260a(b)) from increasing a state’s time spent on DST, unless the ‘United States Congress’ does this for the entire nation)
(in response to the “1973 energy crisis”, DST in the ‘United States’ began earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter)
(the extension of ‘daylight saving time’ was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months)
(in 1976, the ‘United States; reverted to the schedule set in the ‘Uniform Time Act’)
(starting 11 march 2007, DST was extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November)
(the change was introduced by Representatives ‘Fred Upton’ (R-MI) and ‘Edward Markey’ (D-MA) and added to the “Energy Policy Act of 2005”; the ‘House’ had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November, but Senators “Jeff Bingaman” (D-NM) and “Pete Domenici” (R-NM) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry)
(proponents claimed that the extension would save “the equivalent of” 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) of oil per day, but this figure was based on “U.S. Department of Energy” information from the 1970s, the accuracy + relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by)
(more recent studies by the ‘department of energy” + ‘california energy commission’ have predicted much smaller energy benefits)
(there is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be)
(since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock, late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the ‘vernal equinox’ or too far after the ‘autumnal equinox’)
(because of this, the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise, especially in the month of ‘March’)
(in addition, the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November, as this is very often (6 out of every 7 years) the Sunday after ‘Thanksgiving’)
(this is one of the busiest ‘travel days’ at ‘american airports’, and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day)
.
(if the original proposal to extend ‘DST’ through the last ‘sunday’ in ‘november’ had been adopted, the entire ‘united states’, with the exception of the states that exempted themselves, would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of ‘november’, which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on ‘6 january 1974’ due to the ‘1973 energy crisis’ creeping after 9am in places like ‘new salem’ (/ ‘north dakota’) at the ‘north-western edges’ of ‘time zones’)
.
.
*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
.
.
.
👈👈👈☜*“HOLIDAZE JOURNALS”* ☞ 👉👉👉
.
.
💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
.
.
*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
.
.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥