-as of [26 AUGUST 2024]–
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-LENGTH-
(1 dimension)
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-AREA-
(2 dimensions)
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-VOLUME-
(3 dimensions)
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*SPACE*
*the boundless 3-dimensional extent in which ‘objects’ + ‘events’ have relative ‘position’ + ‘direction’*
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“GIRTH”
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*TEXTILE MEASUREMENTS*
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*UNITS OF TEXTILE MEASUREMENT*
(wiki-link)
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(/ˈdɛniər/) or den (abbreviated D),
Denier is a unit of measure for the linear mass density of fibers, is the mass in grams per 9000 metres of the fiber
The denier is based on a natural reference:
a single strand of silk is approximately one denier;
a 9000-metre strand of silk weighs about one gram.
The term denier comes from the French denier, a coin of small value
(worth 1⁄12 sou).
Applied to yarn, a denier was held to be equal in weight to 1⁄24 ounce (1.2 g).
Microdenier describes filaments that weigh less than 1 g per 9000 m.
There is a difference between filament and total measurements in deniers.
Both are defined as above;
but the first relates to a single filament of fiber (commonly called denier per filament (DPF)), whereas the second relates to a yarn.
Broader terms, such as fine may be applied, either because the overall yarn is fine or because fibers within this yarn are thin.
A 75-denier yarn is considered fine even if it contains only a few fibers, such as thirty 2.5-denier fibers;
but a heavier yarn, such as 150 denier, is considered fine only if its fibers are individually as thin as one denier.
The following relationship applies to straight, uniform filaments:
DPF = total denier / quantity of uniform filaments
The denier system of measurement is used on two- and single-filament fibers
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Some common calculations are as follows
1 denier = 1 g / 9000 m
= 0.11 mg/m
In practice, measuring 9000 metres is both time-consuming and unrealistic.
Generally a sample of 900 metres is weighed, and the result is multiplied by ten to obtain the denier weight.
A fiber is generally considered a microfiber if it is one denier or less.
A one-denier polyester fiber has a diameter[8] of about ten micrometres
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In tights and pantyhose, the linear density of yarn used in the manufacturing process determines the opacity of the article in the following categories of commerce:
ultra sheer (below 10 denier),
sheer (10 to 30 denier),
semi-opaque (30 to 40 denier),
opaque (40 to 70 denier)
and thick opaque (70 denier or higher)
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For single fibers, instead of weighing, a machine called a vibroscope is used.
A known length of the fiber (usually 20 mm) is set to vibrate, and its fundamental frequency measured, allowing the calculation of the mass and thus the linear density.
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(a strand of silk is about one denier and about a fifth of the diameter of a ‘human hair’)
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