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(/ˈsuːmər/)
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(“sumer” was the first ‘urban civilization’ in the historical region of southern ‘mesopotamia’ (modern-day southern ‘iraq’) during the ‘chalcolithic’ + ‘early bronze’ ages, and arguably the first civilization in the world with ‘ancient egypt’ + the ‘indus valley’)
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(living along the valleys of the ‘tigris’ and ‘euphrates’, ‘sumerian’ farmers were able to grow an abundance of ‘grain’ and other ‘crops’, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place)
(proto-writing in the ‘prehistory’ dates back to c. 3000 BC)
(the earliest texts come from the cities of ‘uruk’ and ‘jemdet nasr’ and date back to ‘3300 BC’; early ‘cuneiform writing’ emerged in ‘3000 BC’)
(modern historians have suggested that ‘sumer’ was first permanently settled between ‘5500 BC’ and ‘4000 BC’ by a ‘west asian’ people who spoke the ‘sumerian’ language (pointing to the names of ‘cities’, ‘rivers’, ‘basic occupations’, etc., as evidence), an ‘agglutinative language isolate’)
(these ‘conjectured’, ‘prehistoric’ people are now called “proto-euphrateans” or “ubaidians”, and are theorized to have evolved from the ‘samarra’ culture of northern ‘mesopotamia’)
(the ‘ubaidians’ (though never mentioned by the ‘sumerians’ themselves) are assumed by ‘modern-day scholars’ to have been the first civilizing force in ‘sumer’, “draining the ‘marshes’ for ‘agriculture'”, “developing ‘trade'”, and “establishing ‘industries’, including ‘weaving’, ‘leatherwork’, ‘metalwork’, ‘masonry’, and ‘pottery'”)
(some scholars contest the idea of a ‘proto-euphratean’ language or 1 ‘substrate language’)
(it has been suggested by them, and others, that the ‘sumerian’ language was originally that of the ‘hunter’ and ‘fisher’ peoples, who lived in the ‘marshland’ and the ‘eastern arabia’ littoral region, and were part of the ‘arabian bifacial culture’)
(reliable historical records begin much later; there are none in ‘sumer’ of any kind that have been dated before ‘enmebaragesi’ (c. ’26th century BC’))
(‘juris zarins’ believes the ‘sumerians’ lived along the coast of ‘eastern arabia’ (today’s ‘persian gulf’ region) before it flooded at the end of the ‘ice age’)
(‘sumerian civilization’ took form in the ‘uruk’ period (‘4th millennium BC’), continuing into the ‘jemdet nasr’ and ‘early dynastic’ periods)
(during the ‘3rd millennium BC’, a close ‘cultural symbiosis’ developed between the ‘sumerians’, who spoke a ‘language isolate’, and ‘akkadian-speakers’, which included widespread ‘bilingualism’)
(the influence of ‘sumerian’ on ‘akkadian’ (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from ‘lexical borrowing’ on a massive scale, to ‘syntactic’, ‘morphological’, and ‘phonological’ convergence)
(this has prompted scholars to refer to ‘sumerian’ and ‘akkadian’ in the ‘3rd millennium BC’ as a “sprachbund”)
(‘sumer’ was conquered by the semitic-speaking kings of the ‘akkadian empire’ around ‘2270 BC’ (short chronology), but ‘sumerian’ continued as a ‘sacred language’)
(native ‘sumerian’ rule re-emerged for about a ‘century’ in the ‘third dynasty of ur’ at approximately ‘2100-2000 BC’, but the ‘akkadian’ language also remained in use)
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(the sumerian city of ‘eridu’, on the coast of the ‘persian gulf, is considered to have been the “world’s first city”, where 3 separate cultures may have fused —
that of peasant ‘ubaidian’ farmers, living in ‘mud-brick huts’ and practicing ‘irrigation’;
that of mobile nomadic ‘semitic’ pastoralists living in ‘black tents’ and following herds of ‘sheep’ and ‘goats’
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(and that of ‘fisher folk’, living in ‘reed huts’ in the ‘marshlands’, who may have been the ancestors of the ‘sumerians’)
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