‘EARLY MIDDLE AGES’
(~477 – ~1000)
(~583 years)
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‘HIGH MIDDLE AGES’
(~1000 – ~1300)
(~300 years)
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‘LATE MIDDLE AGES’
(~1301 – ~1500)
(~200 years)
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(*cue “midlife crisis”*)
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(the ‘400s’ to the ‘1400s’)
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*in the history of ‘europe’, the middle ages or medieval period lasted from the ‘400s’ to the ‘1400s’*
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(it began with the fall of the ‘western roman empire’ and merged into the ‘renaissance’ and the ‘age of discovery’)
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(the ‘middle ages’ is the ‘middle period’ of the 3 traditional divisions of ‘western history’…)
‘classical antiquity’
the ‘medieval period’
the ‘modern period’
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(the ‘medieval period’ is itself subdivided into…)
‘EARLY MIDDLE AGES’
‘HIGH MIDDLE AGES’
‘LATE MIDDLE AGES’
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(‘population decline’, ‘counter-urbanization’, ‘invasion’, and ‘movement of peoples’, which had begun in ‘late antiquity’, continued in the ‘early middle ages’)
(the large-scale movements of the ‘migration period’, including various ‘germanic peoples’, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the ‘western roman empire’)
(in the 7th century, ‘north africa’ and the ‘middle east’—once part of the ‘byzantine empire’—came under the rule of the ‘umayyad caliphate’ (an islamic empire) after conquest by muhammad’s successors)
(although there were substantial changes in ‘society’ and ‘political structures’, the break with ‘classical antiquity’ was not complete)
(the still-sizeable ‘byzantine empire’ survived in the east and remained a ‘major power’)
(the empire’s law code, the corpus juris civilis or “code of justinian”, was rediscovered in ‘northern italy’ in ‘1070’ and became widely admired later in the ‘middle ages’)
(in the ‘west’, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant ‘roman’ institutions)
(‘monasteries’ were founded as campaigns to ‘christianize’ ‘pagan’ europe continued)
(‘the franks’ (under the ‘carolingian’ dynasty) briefly established the ‘carolingian empire’ during the ‘later 8th’ and ‘early 9th’ century)
(it covered much of ‘western europe’ but later succumbed to the pressures of ‘internal civil wars’ combined with external invasions—’vikings’ from the ‘north’, ‘hungarians’ from the ‘east’, and ‘saracens’ from the ‘south’)
(during the ‘high middle ages’ (which began after 1000), the population of ‘europe’ increased greatly as ‘technological’ and ‘agricultural’ innovations allowed trade to flourish and the ‘medieval warm period’ climate change allowed ‘crop yields’ to increase)
(‘manorialism’, the organization of ‘peasants’ into villages that owed rent and labour services to the ‘nobles’, and ‘feudalism’, the political structure whereby ‘knights’ and lower-status ‘nobles’ owed military service to their ‘overlords’ in return for the right to rent from ‘lands’ and ‘manors’, were 2 of the ways society was organized in the ‘high middle ages’)
(the ‘crusades’ (first preached in ‘1095’) were military attempts by ‘western european christians’ to regain control of the ‘holy land’ from ‘muslims’)
(‘kings’ became the heads of ‘centralized ‘nation states’, reducing ‘crime’ and ‘violence’ but making the ideal of a unified ‘christendom’ more distant)
(‘intellectual life’ was marked by ‘scholasticism’, a philosophy that emphasized joining ‘faith’ to ‘reason’, and by the founding of ‘universities’)
(the theology of ‘thomas aquinas’, the paintings of ‘giotto’, the poetry of ‘dante’ and ‘chaucer’, the travels of ‘marco polo’, and the ‘gothic architecture’ of ‘cathedrals’ such as ‘chartres’ are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period and into the ‘late middle ages’)
(the ‘late middle ages’ was marked by difficulties and calamities including ‘famine’, ‘plague’, and war, which significantly diminished the population of ‘europe’; between ‘1347’ and ‘1350’, the ‘black death’ killed about a third of ‘europeans’)
(‘controversy’, ‘heresy’, and the ‘western schism’ within the ‘catholic church’ paralleled the ‘interstate conflict’, ‘civil strife’, and ‘peasant revolts’ that occurred in the ‘kingdoms’)
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(‘cultural’/’technological’ developments transformed ‘european society’, concluding the ‘late middle ages’ and beginning the ‘early modern period’)
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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*“THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥