“califates” - -KINGDOM OF JOGA-

*a caliphate is a territory under the leadership of an ‘islamic steward’ known as a caliph , a person considered a ‘religious successor’ to the islamic prophet ‘muhammad’ (‘muhammad ibn ʿAbdullāh’) and a leader of the ‘entire muslim community’*

(historically, the ‘caliphates’ were ‘polities’ based in islam which developed into ‘multi-ethnic trans-national empires’)

(during the ‘medieval period’, 3 major caliphates existed: the ‘rashidun caliphate’ (632–661), the ‘umayyad caliphate’ (661–750), and the ‘abbasid caliphate’ (750–1258))

(the fourth major caliphate, the ‘ottoman caliphate’, established by the ‘ottoman empire’ in ‘1517’, was a manifestation whereby the ottoman rulers claimed ‘caliphal authority’)

(during the history of ‘islam’, other ‘muslim states’, almost all of them ‘hereditary monarchies’, have claimed to be ‘caliphates’)

(prior to the rise of ‘muhammad’ and the unification of the ‘arab tribes’ of the ‘arabian peninsula’ under ‘islam’, the tribes of ‘arabia’ followed a pre-islamic ‘arab polytheism’, lived as self-governing ‘sedentary’ and ‘nomadic’ communities and often raided neighboring tribes)

(following the conquests under ‘muhammad’ of the ‘arabian peninsula’, the region became unified and most of the tribes adopted ‘islam’)

(the first caliphate, the ‘rashidun caliphate’, was established immediately after muhammad’s death in ‘632’)

(the 4 ‘rashidun caliphs’, who directly succeeded ‘muhammad’ as leaders of the ‘muslim community’, were chosen through shura, a process of ‘community consultation’ that some consider to be an early form of ‘islamic democracy’)

(the fourth caliph, ‘ali’, who, unlike the prior 3, was from the same clan as ‘muhammad’ (‘banu hashim’), is considered by ‘shia muslims’ to be the first rightful ‘caliph’ and ‘imam’ after ‘muhammad’)

(‘ali’ reigned during the ‘first fitna’ (‘656’ – ‘661’), a ‘civil war’ which led to the establishment of the ‘umayyad caliphate’ under ‘muawiyah I’)

(the 2nd caliphate (the ‘umayyad caliphate’) was established in ‘661’ and ruled by ‘banu umayya’, a meccan clan with descent from muhammad’s ‘great-great-grandfather’)

(the caliphate continued the ‘muslim conquests’, incorporating the ‘caucasus’, ‘transoxiana’, ‘sindh’, the ‘maghreb’, and the ‘iberian peninsula’ (aka ‘al-andalus’) into the ‘muslim world’)

(it was notable for having considerable acceptance of the ‘christians’ within its territory, necessitated by their large numbers, especially in the region of ‘syria’)

(following the ‘abbasid revolution’ from ‘746’ to ‘750’, which primarily arose from non-arab muslim disenfranchisement, the ‘abbasid caliphate’ was established)

(the 3rd caliphate (the ‘abbasid caliphate’) was established in ‘750’ and ruled by the ‘abbasids’, a dynasty of ‘meccan origin’ which had descent from ‘hashim’, a great-grandfather of ‘muhammad’ (via ‘abbas’, an uncle of ‘muhammad’), hence the name)

(‘caliph al-mansur’ founded its 2nd capital of ‘baghdad’ in ‘762’ which became a major ‘scientific’, ‘cultural’, and ‘art’ center, as did the territory as a whole during this period, a period becoming known as the ‘islamic golden age’)

(from the 10th century, ‘abbasid’ rule became confined to an area around ‘baghdad’)

(from ‘945’ to ‘1157’ the ‘abbasid caliphate’ came under ‘buyid’ and then ‘seljuq’ military control)

(in ‘1250’, a non-arab army created by the ‘abbasids’ called the ‘mamluks’ came to power in ‘egypt’)

(in ‘1258’, the ‘mongol empire’ sacked ‘baghdad’, and in ‘1261’ the ‘mamluks’ in ‘egypt’ re-established the ‘abbasid caliphate’ in ‘cairo’)

(though lacking in ‘political power’, the dynasty continued to claim authority in ‘religious matters’ until after the ottoman conquest of ‘egypt’ (‘1517’))

(the 4th major caliphate (the ‘ottoman caliphate’) was established after the ottoman conquest of ‘mamluk egypt’ in ‘1517’)

(the ‘mamluks’ had control over the holy cities of ‘mecca’ and ‘medina’, which became passed over to the ‘ottomans’)

(the ‘ottomans’ gradually came to be viewed as the de facto leaders and representatives of the ‘islamic world’)

(following its defeat in ‘world war I’, the ‘ottoman empire’ was partitioned by ‘britain’ and ‘france’, and on ‘3 march 1924’, the first president of the ‘turkish republic’ (‘Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’) as part of ‘atatürk’s reforms’ constitutionally abolished the institution of the ‘caliphate’)

(other states that existed through history that bore the name “caliphate” include the ‘Ismaili Shia Fatimid Caliphate’ (‘909’ – ‘1171’), the ‘Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba’ in ‘Iberia’ (‘929’ – ‘1031’), the ‘Berber Almohad Caliphate’ in ‘morocco’ (‘1121’ – ‘1269’) and the ‘Fula Sokoto Caliphate’ in present-day ‘northern nigeria’ (‘1804’ – ‘1903’))

(the ‘sunni branch’ of ‘islam’ stipulates that, as a ‘head of state’, a ‘caliph’ should be elected by ‘muslims’ or their ‘representatives’)

(followers of ‘shia islam’, however, believe a ‘caliph’ should be an ‘imam’ chosen by ‘god’ from the Ahl al-Bayt (the “Family of the House”, muhammad’s direct descendants))

(in simpler terms, the ‘sunni’ majority favor ‘election’ while the ‘shia’ minority favor ‘bloodline’)

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