(’25 AD’ – ‘220 AD’)
(~ ‘195 YEARS)
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…
“EASTERN HAN EMPERORS” –>
(’14 total’)
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#1
“EMPEROR GUANGWU”
(reign –>)
(’25 AUGUST 25AD’ – ’29 MARCH 57AD’)
(’15 JANUARY 5BC’ – ’29 MARCH 57AD’)
(became emperor at ‘age 20’)
(after several major military victories, his followers urge him to declare himself the next ‘han emperor’)
(reigned for ~ ’42 years’)
(died at ‘age 62’)
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#2
“EMPEROR MING”
(reign –>)
(’58 AD’ – ’75 AD’)
(’28 AD’ – ’75 AD’)
(4th son of ’emperor guangwu’)
(became emperor at ‘age 30’ after death of his father)
(reigned for ’17 years’)
(died at ‘age 47’)
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#3
X
#4
X
#5
X
#6
X
#7
X
#8
X
#9
X
#10
X
#11
X
#12
X
#13
“EMPEROR SHAO”
(reign –>)
(’15 may 189′ – ’28 september 189′)
(‘176’ – ‘6 march 190’)
(eldest son of ’emperor ling’)
(became emperor at ‘age 13’)
(after death of his father)
(deposed at ‘age 13’)
(died at ‘age 14’)
(poisoned to death by the warlord ‘dong zhuo’)
(who subsequently replaced him with his 8-year-old younger brother (the future) ’emperor xian’)
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#14
(reign –>)
(28 september 189′ – ‘220’)
(‘2 april 181’ – ’21 april 234)
(became emperor at ‘age 8’)
(abdicated at ‘age 31’)
(died at ‘age 53’)
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X
X
(the ‘eastern han’ (also known as the ‘later han’) formally began on ‘5 august 25’, when ‘Liu Xiu’ became “’emperor guangwu of ‘han'”)
(during the widespread rebellion against ‘wang mang’, the state of ‘goguryeo’ was free to raid Han’s korean commanderies; ‘Han’ did not reaffirm its control over the region until ‘AD 30’)
(the “Trưng Sisters of Vietnam” rebelled against ‘Han’ in ‘AD 40’)
(their rebellion was crushed by han general ‘Ma Yuan’ (d. AD 49) in a campaign from AD 42–43)
(‘Wang Mang’ renewed hostilities against the ‘Xiongnu’, who were estranged from ‘Han’ until their leader ‘Bi’ (比), a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin ‘Punu’ (蒲奴), submitted to ‘Han’ as a ‘tributary vassal’ in ‘AD 50’)
(this created 2 rival ‘Xiongnu’ states: the ‘Southern Xiongnu’ led by ‘Bi’ (“get it? ‘bye bye!’), an ally of ‘Han’, and the ‘Northern Xiongnu’ led by ‘Punu’, an enemy of ‘Han’)
(during the turbulent reign of ‘Wang Mang’, ‘Han’ lost control over the ‘Tarim Basin’, which was conquered by the ‘Northern Xiongnu’ in ‘AD 63’ and used as a base to invade Han’s ‘Hexi Corridor’ in ‘Gansu’)
(‘Dou Gu’ (d. 88 AD) defeated the ‘Northern Xiongnu’ at the ‘Battle of Yiwuluin’ (AD 73), evicting them from ‘Turpan’ and chasing them as far as ‘Lake Barkol’ before establishing a garrison at ‘Hami’)
(after the new ‘Protector General of the Western Regions’ Chen Mu (d. AD 75) was killed by allies of the ‘Xiongnu’ in ‘Karasahr’ and ‘Kucha’, the garrison at ‘Hami’ was withdrawn)
(at the ‘Battle of Ikh Bayan’ in ‘AD 89’, ‘Dou Xian’ (d. AD 92) defeated the ‘Northern Xiongnu’ chanyu who then retreated into the ‘Altai Mountains’)
(after the ‘Northern Xiongnu’ fled into the ‘ili river valley’ in ‘AD 91’, the nomadic ‘Xianbei’ occupied the area from the borders of the ‘Buyeo Kingdom’ in ‘Manchuria’ to the ‘Ili River’ of the ‘wusun people’)
(the ‘Xianbei’ reached their apogee under ‘Tanshihuai’ (檀石槐) (d. AD 180), who consistently defeated chinese armies)
(however, Tanshihuai’s confederation disintegrated after his death)
(‘Ban Chao’ (d. AD 102) enlisted the aid of the ‘Kushan Empire’, occupying the area of modern ‘India’, ‘Pakistan’, ‘Afghanistan’, and ‘Tajikistan’, to subdue ‘Kashgar’ and its ally ‘Sogdiana’)
(when a request by kushan ruler ‘Vima Kadphises’ (r. c. 90–c. 100 AD) for a marriage alliance with the ‘han’ was rejected in ‘AD 90’, he sent his forces to ‘Wakhan’ (aka ‘afghanistan’) to attack ‘Ban Chao’)
(the conflict ended with the ‘kushans’ withdrawing because of lack of supplies)
(in ‘AD 91’, the office of ‘Protector General of the Western Regions’ was reinstated when it was bestowed on ‘Ban Chao’)
(foreign travelers to ‘Eastern-Han’ china include ‘buddhist monks’ who translated works into ‘chinese’, such as ‘An Shigao’ from ‘Parthia’, and ‘Lokaksema’ from ‘kushan-era gandhara’, ‘india’)
(in addition to ‘tributary relations’ with the ‘kushans’, the ‘Han Empire’ received gifts from the ‘Parthian Empire’, from a king in modern ‘burma’, from a ruler in ‘japan’, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to ‘Daqin’ (‘Rome’) in ‘AD 97’ with ‘Gan Ying’ as emissary)
(a roman embassy of ‘Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ (r. 161–180 AD) is recorded in the Weilüe and Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of ‘Emperor Huan of Han’ (r. AD 146–168) in ‘AD 166’), yet ‘Rafe de Crespigny’ asserts that this was most likely a group of roman merchants)
(in addition to roman glasswares and coins found in ‘xhina’, roman medallions from the reign of ‘Antoninus Pius’ and his adopted son ‘Marcus Aurelius’ have been found at ‘Óc Eo’ in ‘Vietnam’)
(this was near the commandery of ‘rinan’ (also ‘jiaozhi’) where chinese sources claim the romans first landed, as well as embassies from ‘tianzhu’ (in ‘northern india’) in the years ‘159’ and ‘161’)
(‘Óc Eo’ is also thought to be the port city “Cattigara” described by ‘Ptolemy’ in his Geography (c. ‘150 AD’) as lying east of the ‘Golden Chersonese’ (‘Malay Peninsula’) along the Magnus Sinus (i.e. ‘Gulf of Thailand’ and ‘South China Sea’), where a greek sailor had visited)
(Emperor Zhang’s (r. 75–88 AD) reign came to be viewed by later ‘Eastern Han’ scholars as the high point of the dynastic house)
(subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by ‘eunuch intervention’ in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the ‘imperial consort clans’)
(with the aid of the eunuch ‘Zheng Zhong’ (d. 107 AD), ‘Emperor He’ (r. 88–105 AD) had ‘Empress Dowager Dou’ (d. 97 AD) put under ‘house arrest’ and her clan stripped of power)
(this was in revenge for dou’s purging of the clan of his ‘natural mother’—’Consort Liang’—and then concealing her identity from him)
(after Emperor He’s death, his wife ‘Empress Deng Sui’ (d. 121 AD) managed state affairs as the ‘regent empress dowager’ during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread ‘qiang’ rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD)
(when ‘Empress Dowager Deng’ died, ‘Emperor An’ (r. 106–125 AD) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs ‘Li Run’ (李閏) and ‘Jiang Jing’ (江京) that ‘deng’ and her family had planned to depose him)
(‘An’ dismissed Deng’s clan members from office, exiled them and forced many to commit suicide)
(after An’s death, his wife, ‘Empress Dowager Yan’ (d. 126 AD) placed the child ‘Marquess of Beixiang’ on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family)
(however, palace eunuch ‘Sun Cheng’ (d. 132 AD) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone ‘Emperor Shun of Han’ (r. 125–144 AD))
(‘Yan’ was placed under house arrest, her relatives were either killed or exiled, and her eunuch allies were slaughtered)
(the regent ‘Liang Ji’ (d. 159 AD), brother of ‘Empress Liang Na’ (d. 150 AD), had the brother-in-law of ‘Consort Deng Mengnü’ (later ’empress’) (d. 165 AD) killed after ‘Deng Mengnü’ resisted Liang Ji’s attempts to control her)
Afterward, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji, who was then forced to commit suicide)
(students from the ‘Imperial University’ organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan’s court)
(‘Huan’ further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of ‘concubines’ in his ‘harem’ at a time of economic crisis)
(palace eunuchs imprisoned the official ‘Li Ying’ (李膺) and his associates from the ‘Imperial University’ on a dubious charge of ‘treason’)
(in ‘167 AD’, the ‘Grand Commandant Dou Wu’ (d. 168 AD) convinced his son-in-law, ‘Emperor Huan’, to release them)
(however the emperor permanently barred ‘Li Ying’ and his associates from serving in office, marking the beginning of the ‘Partisan Prohibitions’)
(following Huan’s death, ‘Dou Wu’ and the ‘Grand Tutor Chen Fan’ (陳蕃) (d. 168 AD) attempted a coup d’état against the eunuchs ‘Hou Lan’ (d. 172 AD), ‘Cao Jie’ (d. 181 AD), and ‘Wang Fu’ (王甫))
(when the plot was uncovered, the eunuchs arrested ‘Empress Dowager Dou’ (d. 172 AD) and ‘Chen Fan’)
(‘General Zhang Huan’ (張奐) favored the ‘eunuchs’)
(he and his troops confronted ‘Dou Wu’ and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other)
(when the retainers gradually deserted ‘Dou Wu’, he was forced to commit suicide)
(under ‘Emperor Ling’ (r. 168–189 AD) the ‘eunuchs’ had the ‘partisan prohibitions’ renewed and expanded, while also auctioning off top government offices)
(many ‘affairs of state’ were entrusted to the eunuchs ‘zhao zhong’ (died ‘189 AD’) and ‘zhang rang’ (died ‘189 AD’) while ’emperor ling’ spent much of his time ‘roleplaying’ with ‘concubines’ and participating in ‘military parades’)
(“ha! you ‘go’ emperor ling!”)
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