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-as of [28 APRIL 2024]–
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(also called genetic modification)
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-[genetic engineering] is the direct manipulation of an organism’s [genome] using [bio-technology]-
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(it is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms)
(new DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the host organism)
(genes may be removed, or “knocked out”, using a ‘nuclease’)
(gene targeting is a different technique that uses homologous recombination to change an endogenous gene, and can be used to delete a gene, remove exons, add a gene, or introduce ‘point mutations’)
(an organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be a ‘genetically modified organism’ (GMO))
(the first GMOs were bacteria generated in 1973 and GM mice in 1974)
(insulin-producing bacteria were commercialized in 1982 and genetically modified food has been sold since 1994)
(‘GloFish’, the first GMO designed as a pet, was first sold in the United States in December 2003)
(‘genetic engineering techniques’ have been applied in numerous fields including research, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine)
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(‘enzymes’ used in ‘laundry detergent’ + medicines such as ‘insulin’ + ‘human growth hormone’ are now manufactured in ‘GM cells’, ‘experimental GM cell lines’ and ‘GM animals’ such as ‘mice’ or ‘zebrafish’ are being used for ‘research purposes’, and ‘genetically modified crop-shave’ been commercialized)
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(in 2010, scientists at the ‘j. craig venter institute’ (in ‘rockville’ / ‘maryland’ + ‘la jolla’ / ‘california’) announced that they had created the first ‘synthetic bacterial genome’ and added it to a cell containing no ‘DNA’)
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(“synthia” was the world’s first synthetic ‘life-form’)
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“listening to color”
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