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(‘animals’ are ‘multicellular’, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom animalia)
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(also called metazoa))
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(the ‘animal kingdom’ emerged as a ‘basal clade’ within ‘apoikozoa’ as a sister of the ‘choanoflagellates’)
(‘sponges’ are the most ‘basal clade’ of ‘animals’)
(‘animals’ are ‘motile’, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives)
(their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of ‘metamorphosis’ later on in their lives)
(all animals are “heterotrophs”: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance)
(most known animal ‘phyla’ appeared in the fossil record as marine species during the ‘Cambrian explosion’, about 542 million years ago)
(‘animals’ can be divided broadly into ‘vertebrates’ and ‘invertebrates’)
(‘vertebrates’ have a ‘backbone’ or ‘spine’ (‘vertebral column’), and amount to less than 5% of all described animal species)
(they include ‘fish’, ‘amphibians’, ‘reptiles’, ‘birds’, and ‘mammals’)
(the remaining animals are the ‘invertebrates’, which lack a ‘backbone’)
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(these include…)
‘molluscs’
(‘clams’, ‘oysters, ‘octopuses’, ‘squid’, ‘snails’)
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‘arthropods’
(‘millipedes’, ‘centipedes’, ‘insects’, ‘spiders’, ‘scorpions’, ‘crabs’, ‘lobsters’, ‘shrimp’)
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‘annelids’
(‘earthworms’, ‘leeches’)
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‘nematodes’
(‘filarial worms’, ‘hookworms’)
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‘flatworms’
(‘tapeworms’, ‘liver flukes’)
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‘cnidarians’
(‘jellyfish’, ‘sea anemones’, ‘corals’)
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‘ctenophores’
(‘comb jellies’)
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‘sponges’
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(the study of animals is called ‘zoology’)
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥