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(the indigenous peoples of ‘the americas’ are the pre-columbian peoples of ‘the americas’ and their descendants)
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(“indígenas” or pueblos indígenas (“indigenous peoples”) is a common term in spanish-speaking countries, and pueblos nativos or nativos (lit. “native peoples”) may also be heard, while aborigen (aborigine) is used in ‘argentina’, and pueblos aborígenes (‘aboriginal peoples’) is common in ‘chile’)
(the term “amerindian” (short for “‘indians of the americas”) is used in ‘quebec’, the ‘guianas’, + the ‘english-speaking caribbean’)
(in ‘brazil’, indígenas or povos indígenas are common (if ‘formal-sounding’) designations, while índio is still the more often-heard term (the noun for the ‘indian nationality’ being indiano), and aborígene / nativo being rarely used in ‘amerindian-specific contexts’ (eg aborígene is usually understood as the ‘ethnonym’ for ‘indigenous australians’))
(‘indigenous peoples’ are commonly known in ‘canada’ as ‘aboriginal peoples’, which includes not only ‘first nations’ + ‘arctic inuit’, but also the ‘minority population’ of first nations-european mixed-race métis people who identify ‘culturally’ + ‘ethnically’ with ‘indigenous peoplehood’)
(this is contrasted, for instance, to the ‘american indian-european mixed-race mestizos’ of ‘hispanic america’ (caboclos in ‘brazil’) who, with their larger population (in most ‘latin american countries’ constituting either ‘outright majorities’, ‘pluralities’, or at the least ‘large minorities’), identify largely as a new ethnic group distinct from both ‘europeans’ + ‘indigenous’ americans, but still considering themselves a sub-set of the european-derived ‘hispanic’ or ‘brazilian’ peoplehood in ‘culture’ + ‘ethnicity’ (cf. ladinos))
(‘indigenous peoples’ of the ‘united states’ are commonly known as ‘native americans’ or ‘american indians’ + ‘alaska natives’)
(application of the term “indian” originated with ‘christopher columbus’, who, in his search for ‘india’, thought that he had arrived in the ‘east indies’)
(eventually, those islands came to be known as the “west indies”, a name still used)
(this led to the blanket term ‘indies’ + ‘indians’ (spanish indios / portuguese índios) for the ‘indigenous inhabitants’, which implied some kind of ‘racial’ or ‘cultural’ unity among the ‘indigenous peoples’ of ‘the americas’)
(this unifying concept, codified in law, religion, and politics, was not originally accepted by the myriad groups of indigenous peoples themselves, but has since been embraced by many over the last two centuries)
(even though the term “Indian” generally does not include the culturally and linguistically distinct indigenous peoples of the Arctic regions of the Americas—such as the Aleuts, Inuit, or Yupik peoples, who entered the continent as a second more recent wave of migration several thousand years ago, and have much more recent genetic and cultural commonalities with the aboriginal peoples of the Asiatic Arctic Russian Far East—these groups are nonetheless considered “indigenous peoples of the Americas”)
(the Portuguese and Spanish equivalents to Indian, nevertheless, could be used to mean any hunter-gatherer or full-blooded Indigenous person, particularly to continents other than Europe or Africa—for example, “indios filipinos”)
Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture.
(the impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas)
Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering.
In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires.
(many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru)
At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas.
Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions.
Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices.
(like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs)
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(some ‘indigenous peoples’ still live in relative ‘isolation’ from ‘western culture’ and a few are still counted as “uncontacted peoples”)
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“beringia”
the bering land bridge was a land bridge roughly 1000 miles north to south which joined present-day alaska and eastern siberia at various times during the pleistocene ice ages
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“paleo-indians”
the first peoples who entered the american continent during the final glacial episodes of the late pleistocene period
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‘algonquin’
(large subfamily of native american languages in eastern north america)
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*the lenape is an algonquian group of native americans from the ‘north-eastern woodlands’*
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥