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LANDMARKS –>
*INDUS RIVER*
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*’islamic republic of pakistan’*
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(‘muhammad ali jinnah’ (Urdu: محمد علی جناح; gujarati: મુહમ્મદ અલી જીનાહ); 25 december 1876′ – ’11 september 1948′), a 20th century ‘politician’ and ‘statesman’, is regarded as the founder of ‘pakistan’)
(“c rajagopalachari’s formula (or C. R. formula or rajaji formula) was a proposal formulated by ‘chakravarthi rajagopalachari’ to solve the ‘political deadlock’ between the ‘all india muslim league’ and ‘indian national congress’ on ‘independence’ of ‘india’ from the ‘british’)
The League’s position was that the Muslims and Hindus of British India were of two separate nations and hence the Muslims had the right to their own nation when India obtained independence.
The Congress, which included both Hindu and Muslim members, was opposed to the idea of partitioning India.
With the advent of Second World War British administration required both parties to agree so that Indian help could be sought for the war efforts.
C. Rajagopalachari, a Congress leader from Madras, devised a proposal for the Congress to offer the League the Muslim Pakistan based on plebiscite of all the peoples in the regions where Muslims made a majority.
Although the formula was opposed even within the Congress party, Gandhi used it as his proposal in his talks with Jinnah in 1944.
However, Jinnah rejected the proposal and the talks failed.
1961 indian annexation of Goa
The Invasion of Goa also known as the Liberation of Goa or Portuguese-Indian War, codenamed Operation Vijay by the Government of India, was the Indian armed forces action that ended Portuguese rule in its Indian enclaves in 1961
The Supreme Court (Urdu: عدالت عظمیٰ) is the apex court in Pakistan’s judicial hierarchy, the final arbiter of legal and constitutional disputes
The National Reconciliation Ordinance (NRO) was an ordinance issued by the former President of Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf, on October 5, 2007.
It granted amnesty to politicians, political workers and bureaucrats who were accused of corruption, embezzlement, money laundering, murder, and terrorism between January 1, 1986, and October 12, 1999, the time between two states of martial law in Pakistan.
It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Pakistan on December 16, 2009.
this means that the pakistanis will now be cleaning out their corruption closets.
this could open whole new cans of worms.
much like how obama put the bush goons on trial once he came to power.
Asif Ali Zardari (Urdu, Sindhi: آصف علی زرداری; born 26 July 1955) is the 11th and current President of Pakistan and the Co-Chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).
Zardari is the widower of Benazir Bhutto, who twice served as Prime Minister of Pakistan.
When his wife was assassinated in December 2007, he became the leader of the PPP.
Zardari is among the five richest men in Pakistan with an estimated net worth of US$1.8 billion (2005)
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STATES
(28 states)
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BIHAR
inai
GUJARAT
“shah jahan”
(emperor of the mughal empire)
(1628 – 1658)
“the great divide”
(partition of british india)
(muslims versus hindus)
(a muslim territory carved from india in the 20th century)
(parliamentary system)
(chief executive is prime minister)
PRIME MINISTER:
benazir bhutto
(female prime minister of pakistan)
(1988- 1990)
(1993 – 1996)
(she was assassinated in 2007)
(musharraf tried to warn her of the danger)
PRESIDENT:
pervez musharraf
(former president of pakistan)
(wants to run for president or prime minister)
(2001 – 2008)
(wife + family deal with safety issues)
according to CNN’s wolf blitzer…
there is rampant “facebook censorship” in pakistan + china
then a few days later the supreme court of pakistan orders the government to recognize hijras, intersex and transgender individuals, as a distinct gender
(so maybe the world is becoming more tolerant after all)
(“pakistan” (i/ˈpækᵻstæn/ or i/pɑːkᵻˈstɑːn/), is a country in south asia)
(it is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 199 million people)
It is the 36th largest country in the world in terms of area with an area covering 881,913 km2 (340,509 sq mi).
Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast respectively.
It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan’s narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.
The territory that now constitutes Pakistan is considered a cradle of civilization which was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the Mehrgarh of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including Hindus, Indo-Greeks, Muslims, Turco-Mongols, Afghans and Sikhs.
The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Alexander of Macedonia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire, and the British Empire.
Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries as it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam.
As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the subcontinent’s struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of the Subcontinent where there was a Muslim majority.
Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic.
A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of four provinces and four federal territories.
It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similar variation in its geography and wildlife.
A regional and middle power, Pakistan has the seventh largest standing armed forces in the world and is also a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear-weapons state, being the only nation in the Muslim world, and the second in South Asia, to have that status.
It has a semi-industrialised economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector, its economy is the 26th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and 45th largest in terms of nominal GDP and is also characterized among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world.
The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule, political instability and conflicts with neighbouring India.
The country continues to face challenging problems, including overpopulation, terrorism, poverty, illiteracy, and corruption.
Despite these factors it maintains strategic endowments and development potential while it has made substantial progress in reducing poverty giving it the second lowest headcount poverty rate in South Asia.
It is ranked 16th on the 2012 Happy Planet Index, while its stock exchange has been among the highest performing in Asia.
(it is a member of the ‘united nations’, the ‘commonwealth of nations, the ‘next 11 economies’, ‘shanghai cooperation organization’, ‘ECO’, ‘UfC’, ‘D8’, ‘Cairns Group’, ‘Kyoto Protocol’, ‘ICCPR’, ‘RCD’, ‘UNCHR’, ‘asian infrastructure investment bank’, ‘group of 11’, ‘CPFTA’, ‘Group of 24’, the ‘G20 developing nations’, ‘ECOSOC’ / founding member of the ‘organization of islamic cooperation’ (and you know what THAT really ‘means’!), ‘SAARC’, and
‘CERN’
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥