-TEMPO- - -KINGDOM OF JOGA-

-as of [22 MAY 2024]-

*TEMPO EXTREMES* –>

(“ode to self”)

160

(“fantasy football”)

(italian for “time”)

i aim to divide my compositions into “half-time” and “double-time”…

just like a carbon atom…

just like a living (or formerly living) being…

it takes a live drummer to “gradually” speed up / slow down a song’s tempo…

it can be replicated digitally with points on a tempo graph…

to “slope” the tempo mathematically…i’ve used this approach for some of the sinatra tracks i recorded for AI…

and then i made fairly arbitrary tempo changes on the instrumental track “gymboree”…

allegretto sostenuto:
(“fairly quick sustained”)

RITARDANDO –>

gradually slow down

tempo rubato (italian: stolen time) is a musical term referring to expressive and rhythmic freedom by a slight speeding up and then slowing down of the tempo of a piece at the discretion of the soloist or the conductor

Rubato is an expressive shaping of music that is a part of phrasing

[…] this loose term “rubato.” It describes the practice of playing with expressive and rhythmic freedom.

(specifically “tempo rubato” […] some time is “robbed” from one passage or group of notes and given to another)

(Italian, ‘time’; plural tempos, or tempi from the Italian plural)

In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece.

In classical music, tempo is typically indicated with an instruction at the start of a piece (often using conventional Italian terms) and is usually measured in beats per minute (or bpm).

In modern classical compositions, a “metronome mark” in beats per minute may supplement or replace the normal tempo marking, while in modern genres like electronic dance music, tempo will typically simply be stated in BPM.

Tempo may be separated from articulation and meter, or these aspects may be indicated along with tempo, all contributing to the overall texture. While the ability to hold a steady tempo is a vital skill for a musical performer, tempo is changeable. Depending on the genre of a piece of music and the performers’ interpretation, a piece may be played with slight tempo rubato or drastic variances. In ensembles, the tempo is often indicated by a conductor or by one of the instrumentalists, for instance the drummer.

Measurement[edit]

A Wittner electronic metronome

Although tempo is described or indicated in many different ways, including with a range of words (e.g., “Slowly”, “Adagio”, and so on), it is typically measured in beats per minute (bpm or BPM). For example, a tempo of 60 beats per minute signifies one beat per second, while a tempo of 120 beats per minute is twice as rapid, signifying two beats every second. The note value of a beat will typically be that indicated by the denominator of the time signature. For instance, in 4
4 the beat will be a crotchet, or quarter note.

This measurement and indication of tempo became increasingly popular during the first half of the 19th century, after Johann Nepomuk Maelzel invented the metronome

Beethoven was one of the first composers to use the metronome;

in the 1810s he published metronomic indications for the eight symphonies he had composed up to that time

Instead of beats per minute, some 20th-century classical composers (e.g., Béla Bartók, Alberto Ginastera, and John Cage) specify the total playing time for a piece, from which the performer can derive tempo.[citation needed]

With the advent of modern electronics, bpm became an extremely precise measure. Music sequencers use the bpm system to denote tempo.[2] In popular music genres such as electronic dance music, accurate knowledge of a tune’s bpm is important to DJs for the purposes of beatmatching.[3]

The speed of a piece of music can also be gauged according to measures per minute (mpm) or bars per minute (bpm), the number of measures of the piece performed in one minute. This measure is commonly used in ballroom dance music.[4]

Choosing speed[edit]
In different musical contexts, different instrumental musicians, singers, conductors, bandleaders, music directors or other individuals will select the tempo of a song or piece. In a popular music or traditional music group or band, the bandleader or drummer may select the tempo. In popular and traditional music, whoever is setting the tempo often counts out one or two bars in tempo. In some songs or pieces in which a singer or solo instrumentalist begins the work with a solo introduction (prior to the start of the full group), the tempo they set will provide the tempo for the group. In an orchestra or concert band, the conductor normally sets the tempo. In a marching band, the drum major may set the tempo. In a sound recording, in some cases a record producer may set the tempo for a song (although this would be less likely with an experienced bandleader)

Musical vocabulary

In classical music, it is customary to describe the tempo of a piece by one or more words, most commonly in Italian, in addition to or instead of a metronome mark in beats per minute

Italian is typically used because it was the language of most composers during the time these descriptions became commonplace.[5] Some well-known Italian tempo indications include “Allegro” (English “Cheerful”), “Andante” (“Walking-pace”) and “Presto” (“Quickly”). This practice developed during the 17th and 18th centuries, the baroque and classical periods. In the earlier Renaissance music, performers understood most music to flow at a tempo defined by the tactus (roughly the rate of the human heartbeat).[6] The mensural time signature indicated which note value corresponded to the tactus.

In the Baroque period, pieces would typically be given an indication, which might be a tempo marking (e.g. Allegro), or the name of a dance (e.g. Allemande or Sarabande), the latter being an indication both of tempo and of metre. Any musician of the time was expected to know how to interpret these markings based on custom and experience. In some cases, however, these markings were simply omitted. For example, the first movement of Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 has no tempo or mood indication whatsoever. Despite the increasing number of explicit tempo markings, musicians still observe conventions, expecting a minuet to be at a fairly stately tempo, slower than a Viennese waltz; a perpetuum mobile quite fast, and so on. Genres imply tempos. Thus, Ludwig van Beethoven wrote “In tempo d’un Menuetto” over the first movement of his Piano Sonata Op. 54, though that movement is not a minuet.

Many tempo markings also indicate mood and expression. For example, presto and allegro both indicate a speedy execution (presto being faster), but allegro also connotes joy (from its original meaning in Italian). Presto, on the other hand, simply indicates speed. Additional Italian words also indicate tempo and mood. For example, the “agitato” in the Allegro agitato of the last movement of George Gershwin’s piano concerto in F has both a tempo indication (undoubtedly faster than a usual Allegro) and a mood indication (“agitated”).

Often, composers (or music publishers) name movements of compositions after their tempo (or mood) marking. For instance, the second movement of Samuel Barber’s first String Quartet is an Adagio.[7]

Often a particular musical form or genre implies its own tempo, so composers need place no further explanation in the score.[citation needed] Popular music charts use terms such as bossa nova, ballad, and Latin rock in much the same way.[original research?] Lead sheets and fake book music for jazz or popular music may use several terms, and may include a tempo term and a genre term, such as “slow blues”, “medium shuffle” or “fast rock”.

Basic tempo markings[edit]
Here follows a list of common tempo markings.

The beats per minute (bpm) values are very rough approximations for 4
4 time, and vary widely according to composers and works.

A metronome marking cannot be deduced from one of the descriptive Italian or non-Italian terms alone.

Where both metronome marking and a word indication occur together, the verbal cue is often also intended to express a style or feeling, which a metronome marking alone cannot do

It is therefore important to remember that the exact sense of many of these terms has changed over time. One striking example is the use of the term Allegretto. Between its early use in the 18th century and its later use from the 19th century onwards, it has experienced a slight increment in the tempo that it is intended to denote. Originally it implied a tempo very slightly faster than Andante, whereas now it is often used to indicate one that is just a little slower than Allegro. A similar fate has befallen the terms Adagietto and Andantino. [8] Likewise, the terms largo and adagio have experienced a considerable shift with regards to the tempi, in beats per minute, that they are required to express: A modern largo is slower than an adagio, but in the Baroque period it was faster.[9]

Approximately from the slowest to the fastest:

Larghissimo – extremely slow, slowest type of tempo (24 bpm and under)
Adagissimo and Grave – very slow, very slow and solemn (24-40 bpm)
Largo – slow and broad (40–66 bpm)
Adagio – slow with great expression[10] (44–68 bpm)
Larghetto – rather slow and broad (44–66 bpm)
Adagietto – slower than andante or slightly faster than adagio (46–80 bpm)
Lento – slow (52–108 bpm)
Andante – at a walking pace, moderately slow (56–108 bpm)
Andantino – slightly faster than andante, but slower than moderato (80–108 bpm) (although, in some cases, it can be taken to mean slightly slower than andante)
Marcia moderato – moderately, in the manner of a march[11][12] (66–80 bpm)
Andante moderato – between andante and moderato (at a moderate walking speed) (66–112 bpm)
Moderato – at a moderate speed (86–126 bpm)
Allegretto – by the mid-19th century, moderately fast (76–120 bpm); see paragraph above for earlier usage
Allegro moderato – close to, but not quite allegro (96–120 bpm)
Allegro – fast and bright (100–156 bpm)
Molto Allegro or Allegro vivace – very fast and bright (124–160 bpm)
Vivace – lively and fast (136–160 bpm)
Vivacissimo – very fast and lively (160–184 bpm)
Allegrissimo – very fast and bright (160–184 bpm)
Presto – very fast (168–200 bpm)
Prestissimo – extremely fast (200 bpm and over) (At this tempo, cut common time is often used)
Additional terms[edit]
A piacere or Ad libitum in Latin – the performer may use their own discretion with regard to tempo and rhythm; literally “at pleasure”[13]
Accelerando – gradually play faster
Assai – (very) much
A tempo – resume previous tempo
Con grazia – with grace, or gracefully[14]
Con moto – Italian for “with movement”; can be combined with a tempo indication, e.g., Andante con moto
Furioso or Furibondo – ‘furiously'[15]: 349
Lamentoso – sadly, plaintively[16]
L’istesso, L’istesso tempo, or Lo stesso tempo – at the same speed; L’istesso is used when the actual speed of the music has not changed, despite apparent signals to the contrary, such as changes in time signature or note length (half notes in 4
4 could change to whole notes in 2
2, and they would all have the same duration)[17][18]
Ma non tanto – but not so much; used in the same way and has the same effect as Ma non troppo (see immediately below) but to a lesser degree
Ma non troppo – but not too much; used to modify a basic tempo to indicate that the basic tempo should be reined in to a degree; for example, Adagio ma non troppo to mean “Slow, but not too much”, Allegro ma non troppo to mean “Fast, but not too much”
Maestoso – majestically, stately[19]
Molto – very
meno – less
Più – more
Poco – a little
Subito – suddenly
Tempo comodo – at a comfortable speed
Tempo di… – the speed of a … (such as Tempo di valzer (speed of a waltz, dotted quarter note. ≈ 60 bpm or quarter note≈ 126 bpm), Tempo di marcia (speed of a march, quarter note ≈ 120 bpm))
Tempo giusto – at a consistent speed, at the ‘right’ speed, in strict tempo
Tempo primo – resume the original (first) tempo
Tempo semplice – simple, regular speed, plainly
French tempo markings[edit]
Several composers have written markings in French, among them baroque composers François Couperin and Jean-Philippe Rameau as well as Claude Debussy, Olivier Messiaen, Maurice Ravel and Alexander Scriabin. Common tempo markings in French are:

Au mouvement – play the (first or main) tempo.
Grave – slowly and solemnly
Lent – slowly
Moins – less, as in Moins vite (less fast)
Modéré – at a moderate tempo
Vif – lively
Très – very, as in Très vif (very lively)
Vite – fast
Rapide – rapidly
Erik Satie was known to write extensive tempo (and character) markings by defining them in a poetical and literal way, as in his Gnossiennes.[20]

German tempo markings[edit]
Many composers have used German tempo markings. Typical German tempo markings are:

Kräftig – vigorous or powerful
Langsam – slowly
Lebhaft – lively (mood)
Mäßig – moderately
Rasch – quickly
Schnell – fast
Bewegt – animated, with motion[21]
One of the first German composers to use tempo markings in his native language was Ludwig van Beethoven, but only sparsely. Robert Schumann followed afterwards with increasingly specific markings, and later composers like Hindemith and Mahler would further elaborate on combined tempo and mood instructions in German. For example, the second movement of Mahler’s Symphony No. 9 is marked Im Tempo eines gemächlichen Ländlers, etwas täppisch und sehr derb, indicating a slowish folk-dance-like movement, with some awkwardness and much vulgarity in the execution. Mahler would also sometimes combine German tempo markings with traditional Italian markings, as in the first movement of his sixth symphony, marked Allegro energico, ma non troppo. Heftig, aber markig (Energetically quick, but not too much. Violent, but vigorous[22]).

English tempo markings[edit]
English indications, for example quickly, have also been used, by Benjamin Britten and Percy Grainger, among many others. In jazz and popular music lead sheets and fake book charts, terms like “fast”, “laid back”, “steady rock”, “medium”, “medium-up”, “ballad”, “brisk”, “brightly” “up”, “slowly”, and similar style indications may appear. In some lead sheets and fake books, both tempo and genre are indicated, e.g., “slow blues”, “fast swing”, or “medium Latin”. The genre indications help rhythm section instrumentalists use the correct style. For example, if a song says “medium shuffle”, the drummer plays a shuffle drum pattern; if it says “fast boogie-woogie”, the piano player plays a boogie-woogie bassline.

“Show tempo”, a term used since the early days of vaudeville, describes the traditionally brisk tempo (usually 160–170 bpm) of opening songs in stage revues and musicals.

Humourist Tom Lehrer uses facetious English tempo markings in his anthology Too Many Songs by Tom Lehrer. For example, “National Brotherhood Week” is to be played “fraternally”; “We Will All Go Together” is marked “eschatologically”; and “Masochism Tango” has the tempo “painstakingly”. His English contemporaries Flanders and Swann have similarly marked scores, with the music for their song “The Whale (Moby Dick)” shown as “oceanlike and vast”.

Variation through a piece[edit]
Tempo is not necessarily fixed. Within a piece (or within a movement of a longer work), a composer may indicate a complete change of tempo, often by using a double bar and introducing a new tempo indication, often with a new time signature and/or key signature.

It is also possible to indicate a more or less gradual change in tempo, for instance with an accelerando (speeding up) or ritardando (rit., slowing down) marking. Indeed, some compositions chiefly comprise accelerando passages, for instance Monti’s Csárdás, or the Russian Civil War song Echelon Song.

On the smaller scale, tempo rubato refers to changes in tempo within a musical phrase, often described as some notes ‘borrowing’ time from others.

Terms for change in tempo[edit]
Composers may use expressive marks to adjust the tempo:

Accelerando – speeding up (abbreviation: accel.) Opposite of Ritardando, it is an Italian term pronounced as [aht-che-le-rahn-daw] and is defined by gradually increasing the tempo until the next tempo mark is noted. It is either marked by a dashed line or simply its abbreviation.
Affrettando – speeding up with a suggestion of anxiety[23]
Allargando – growing broader; decreasing tempo, usually near the end of a piece
Calando – going slower (and usually also softer)
Doppio movimento / doppio più mosso – double-speed
Doppio più lento – half-speed
Lentando – gradually slowing, and softer
Meno mosso – less movement; slower
Meno moto – less motion
Più mosso – more movement; faster
Mosso – movement, more lively; quicker, much like più mosso, but not as extreme
Precipitando – hurrying; going faster/forward
Rallentando – a gradual slowing down (abbreviation: rall.)
Ritardando – slowing down gradually; also see rallentando and ritenuto (abbreviations: rit., ritard.) sometimes replaces allargando.
Ritenuto – slightly slower, but achieved more immediately than rallentando or ritardando; a sudden decrease in tempo; temporarily holding back.[24] (Note that the abbreviation for ritenuto can also be rit. Thus a more specific abbreviation is riten. Also, sometimes ritenuto does not reflect a tempo change but rather a ‘character’ change.)
Rubato – free adjustment of tempo for expressive purposes, literally “stolen”—so more strictly, to take time from one beat to slow another
Slargando – gradually slowing down, literally “slowing down”, “widening” or “stretching”
Stretto – in a faster tempo, often used near the conclusion of a section. (Note that in fugal compositions, the term stretto refers to the imitation of the subject in close succession, before the subject is completed, and as such, suitable for the close of the fugue.[25] Used in this context, the term is not necessarily related to tempo.)
Stringendo – pressing on faster, literally “tightening”
Tardando – slowing down gradually (same as ritardando)[26]
Tempo Primo – resume the original tempo[27]
While the base tempo indication (such as Allegro) typically appears in large type above the staff, adjustments typically appear below the staff or, in the case of keyboard instruments, in the middle of the grand staff.

They generally designate a gradual change in tempo; for immediate tempo shifts, composers normally just provide the designation for the new tempo. (Note, however, that when Più mosso or Meno mosso appears in large type above the staff, it functions as a new tempo, and thus implies an immediate change.) Several terms, e.g., assai, molto, poco, subito, control how large and how gradual a change should be (see common qualifiers).

After a tempo change, a composer may return to a previous tempo in two ways:

a tempo – returns to the base tempo after an adjustment (e.g. ritardando … a tempo undoes the effect of the ritardando).
Tempo primo or Tempo Io – denotes an immediate return to the piece’s original base tempo after a section in a different tempo (e.g. Allegro … Lento … Moderato … Tempo Io indicates a return to the Allegro). This indication often functions as a structural marker in pieces in binary form.
These terms also indicate an immediate, not a gradual, tempo change. Although they are Italian, composers tend to employ them even if they have written their initial tempo marking in another language.

Tempo–rhythm interaction[edit]
One difficulty in defining tempo is the dependence of its perception on rhythm, and, conversely, the dependence of rhythm perception on tempo. Furthermore, the tempo-rhythm interaction is context dependent, as explained by Andranik Tangian[28][29] using an example of the leading rhythm of ″Promenade″ from Modest Mussorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition: