*“UNSOLVED MYSTERIES”*
*LINGUISTICS*
*WIKI-LIST*
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#1
(is there a ‘universal definition’ of ‘word’?)
(sounds like a ‘silly question’ at first)
(but it comes down to the difference between ‘phoneme’ / ‘grapheme’ / ‘morpheme’)
(as ‘phoneme’ is a ‘single basic sound’)
(just like ‘grapheme’ for the ‘written word’)
(a ‘morpheme’ can be ‘sound’ / ‘written word’)
(is most basic unit of ‘meaning’)
.
#2
(what are the effective ways to achieve proper ‘localization’ + ‘internationalization’?)
.
#3
(is there a universal definition of “sentence”?)
(are there any universal grammatical categories?)
(can the elements contained in words (morphemes) and the elements contained in sentences (syntactic constituents) be shown to follow the same principles?)
(how are domains for phonological processes related to syntactic structure?
(do prosodic domains deviate from syntactic constituent structure?)
(is it possible to formally delineate languages from each other?)
(that is to say, is it possible to use linguistic (rather than social) criteria to draw a clear boundary between two closely related languages with a dialect continuum between their respective standard forms (e.g. “occitan” and “catalan”)?
(how does grammaticalization function?)
(what constitutes grammatically correct language, as viewed by native speakers of that particular language?)
(i.e. the problem of “gradient well-formedness”)
(how do creole languages emerge?)
(how does lexical substitution function given the potentially limitless number of different contexts, the limits of one’s knowledge and the limits of one’s understanding and usage of language?)
(how do idiolects and dialects emerge?)
(are there any common patterns in their development?)
(can they be quantitatively and qualitatively measured at all and if so, how?)
.
*index of philosophy of language articles*
*wikilist*
(as of ‘3 may 2020’)
Index of philosophy of language articles
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This is an index of articles in philosophy of language
See also: List of philosophers of language
A.P. Martinich
Aboutness
Adolph Stöhr
Alexis Kagame
Alfred Jules Ayer
Alphabet of human thought
Ambiguity
Analytic-synthetic distinction
Anaphora
Andrea Bonomi
Applicative Universal Grammar
Archie J. Bahm
Arda Denkel
Aristotle
Artificial intelligence
Association for Logic, Language and Information
Avrum Stroll
Barry Loewer
Berlin Circle
Bertrand Russell
Bob Hale (philosopher)
Calculus ratiocinator
Carl Gustav Hempel
Ramsey sentence
Categorization
Category mistake
Causal theory of reference
César Chesneau Dumarsais
Cheung Kam Ching
Circular definition
Claude Lévi-Strauss
Cognitive synonymy
Colloquial language
Computational humor
Concept
Concept and object
Conceptual metaphor
Context-sensitive grammar
Context principle
Contextualism
Contrast theory of meaning
Contrastivism
Cooperative principle
Cora Diamond
Cratylism
Dagfinn Føllesdal
David Efird
David Kellogg Lewis
De dicto and de re
Definition
Denotation
Descriptivist theory of names
Direct reference theory
Direction of fit
Discourse ethics
Disquotational principle
Donald Davidson (philosopher)
Donkey pronoun
Dramatism
Duns Scotus
Empty name
Engineered language
Enumerative definition
Epistemicism
Ethics and Language
Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy
European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information
Exemplification
Extensional definition
F. H. Bradley
Family resemblance
Felicity conditions
Ferdinand Ebner
Failure to refer
Form of life (philosophy)
Franz Rosenzweig
Frege’s Puzzle
Friedrich Waismann
Function and Concept
G. E. M. Anscombe
Gareth Evans (philosopher)
Genus–differentia definition
George Orwell
Gilbert Ryle
Gordon Park Baker
Gottlob Frege
Grammatology
Hans Kamp
Hector-Neri Castañeda
Henri Bergson
Ideal speech situation
Illocutionary act
Implicature
Indeterminacy (philosophy)
Indeterminacy of translation
Indexicality
Indirect self-reference
Inferential role semantics
Ingeborg Bachmann
Intension
Intensional definition
Internalism and externalism
Interpretation (logic)
J. L. Austin
Jacques Bouveresse
James F. Conant
Jody Azzouni
John Etchemendy
John McDowell
Jonathan Bennett (philosopher)
Journal of Logic, Language and Information
Karl-Otto Apel
Katarzyna Jaszczolt
Keith Donnellan
Kent Bach
Kit Fine
Language-game
Language and thought
Language of thought
Language, Truth, and Logic
Latitudinarianism (philosophy)
Lexical definition
Lexis (Aristotle)
Linguistic determinism
Linguistic relativity
Linguistic turn
Linguistics and Philosophy
List of philosophers of language
Logical atomism
Logical form
Logical positivism
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Marilyn Frye
Martian scientist
Max Black
Meaning (linguistics)
Meaning (non-linguistic)
Meaning (philosophy of language)
Meaning (semiotics)
Mediated reference theory
Meinong’s jungle
Mental representation
Mental space
Metalanguage
Metaphor in philosophy
Michael Devitt
Michael Dummett
Modal property
Modistae
Modularity of mind
Moritz Schlick
Mumbo Jumbo (phrase)
Naming and Necessity
Nelson Goodman
New Foundations
Nino Cocchiarella
Noam Chomsky
Nomenclature
Nominalism
Non-rigid designator
Nonsense
Norm (philosophy)
Object language
On Denoting
Ontological commitment
Operational definition
Ordinary language philosophy
Ostensive definition
Otto Neurath
P. F. Strawson
Paradigm-case argument
Paralanguage
Paul Boghossian
Paul Grice
Performative contradiction
Performative text
Performative utterance
Persuasive definition
Peter Abelard
Peter Millican
Philosophical interpretation of classical physics
Philosophical Investigations
Philosophy and literature
Philosophy of language
Pirmin Stekeler-Weithofer
Plato’s Problem
Port-Royal Grammar
Pragmatics
Precising definition
Principle of charity
Principle of compositionality
Private language argument
Proper name (philosophy)
Proposition
Psychologism
Quotation
Radical translation
Rational reconstruction
Redundancy theory of truth
Reference
Relevance theory
Rhetoric of social intervention model
Richard von Mises
Rigid designator
Robert Brandom
Robert Maximilian de Gaynesford
Robert Stalnaker
Round square copula
Rudolf Carnap
S. Morris Engel
Saul Kripke
Scalar implicature
Scientific essentialism
Sebastian Shaumyan
Secondary reference
Self-reference
Semantic externalism
Semantic holism
Semantics
Semeiotic
Semiotics
Sense and reference
Sense and Sensibilia (Austin)
Shabda
Sign
Singular term
Slingshot argument
Social semiotics
Speech act
Sphota
Stanley Cavell
Statement (logic)
Stipulative definition
Structuralism
Supposition theory
Susan Stebbing
Swampman
Symbiosism
Symbol
Symbol grounding
Syntax
The Naturalization of Intentionality
Theoretical definition
Theory of descriptions
Þorsteinn Gylfason
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Transparency (linguistic)
True name
Truth-conditional semantics
Truth-value link
Truthbearer
Two Dogmas of Empiricism
Type physicalism
Unilalianism
Universal grammar
Universal language
Universal pragmatics
Use–mention distinction
Vagueness
Verification theory
Verificationism
Vienna Circle
Virgil Aldrich
Walter Benjamin
Willard Van Orman Quine
William Alston
William C. Dowling
William Crathorn
Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
Word and Object
Word sense
Yehoshua Bar-Hillel
Zeno Vendler
Zhuangzi
vte
Philosophy of language
vte
Indices
Categories: Philosophy of languageIndexes of philosophy topics
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(how do intension, comprehension, reference, intention and intentionality, extension, linguistic relativity, context, ambiguity, polysemy, idiolect, dialect, among other major linguistics concepts, interplay to give rise to meaningful language as spoken or written by an individual?)
(origin of language and origin of speech are major unsolved problems, despite centuries of interest in these topics)
(unclassified languages (languages whose genetic affiliation has not been established, mostly due to lack of reliable data) make up about 38 of the 6,000–7,000 languages spoken in the world)
(an additional 45 languages are classified as language isolates, with no demonstrable relationship to other languages)
(*undeciphered writing systems*)
(is there an objective way to determine which are the most difficult languages?)
(how accurate are linguistic typology and language classification?)
(what are the factors that influence them?)
(to what extent are conlangs usable and useful as used as natural languages by humans?)
(*psycholinguistics (issues + areas of research)*
*language emergence*
“emergence of grammar”
“LANGUAGE ACQUISITION”:
(controversy: infant language acquisition / first language acquisition)
(how are infants able to learn ‘language’?)
(1 line of debate is between 2 points of view: that of ‘psychological nativism’, i.e., the language ability is somehow “hardwired” in the human brain, and that of the “tabula rasa” or ‘blank slate’, i.e., ‘language’ is acquired due to brain’s interaction with environment)
(another formulation of this controversy is “nature versus nurture”)
(is the human ability to use syntax based on innate mental structures or is syntactic speech the function of intelligence and interaction with other humans?)
(the question is closely related to those of language ’emergence’ and ‘acquisition’)
(the ‘language acquisition device’: how localized is language in the brain? is there a particular area in the brain responsible for the development of language abilities or is it only partially localized?)
(what fundamental reasons explain why ultimate attainment in second language acquisition is typically some way short of the native speaker’s ability, with learners varying widely in performance?)
(what are the optimal ways to achieve successful second-language acquisition?)
(animals and language: how much language (e.g. syntax) can animals be taught to use?)
(how much of animal communication can be said to have the same properties as human language (e.g. ‘syntax’)?)
(what role does linguistic intuition play, how is it formed and how does it function?)
(is it closely linked to exposure to a unique set of different experiences and their contexts throughout one’s personal life?)
.
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
(how to deal with variation in language (including idiolects, dialects, sociolects, jargons, argots, etc.) to achieve effective and successful communication between individuals and between groups, i.e. what are the best ways to ensure efficient communication without misunderstandings: in everyday life and in educational, scientific and philosophical discussions?)
(what are the best ways to quantitatively and qualitatively compare linguistic competence and linguistic performance between individuals and between groups?)
(how does time (and the semantic change that it brings) and physical age influence linguistic competence?)
(how are argots formed, how do they function and what are the best ways to become proficient in an ‘argot’?)
(what are the relations between a standard language and its ‘dialects’?)
.
COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS
(is “perfect computational word-sense disambiguation” attainable by using ‘software’?)
(if yes, how and why?)
(if no, why?)
(this presupposes the solution to the unsolved problems in the other areas of linguistics as a ‘basis’)
(is accurate computational word-sense induction feasible?)
(if yes, how and why?)
(if not, why?)
LEXICOLOGY AND LEXICOGRAPHY:
(what makes a good dictionary?)
(to what extent are dictionaries reliable in terms of their supposed universality when spoken language is constantly changing (semantic change, semantic extension, semantic compression, etc.)?)
(what are good practices to avoid ‘circular definitions’ in ‘dictionaries’?)
(is it possible to eliminate them at all, given the vagueness, polysemy, etc. in all ‘languages’?)
(what are the best ways to ensure efficient communication without misunderstandings: in everyday life and in educational, scientific, and philosophical discussions?)
(is ‘total terminology standardization’ attainable at all?)
(if ‘yes’, does it involve the mass use of freely available and easily accessible ‘terminology databases’?)
(to what extent are termbases reliable and can their reliability be measured objectively?)
(If ‘yes’, how and why?)
If no, why?
What is the relationship between termbases and individual subjectivity and can subjectivity about word sense disambiguation be overcome at all or is it a natural result of different experiences in one’s unique personal life?
How to successfully reduce lexicographic errors and lexicographic information costs?
.
TRANSLATION
Is there an objective gauge for the quality of translation?
What are the best strategies for quality translation: fidelity or transparency, dynamic or formal equivalence, etc.?
What are the best ways to deal with untranslatability, e.g. lexical gaps?
(how to best deal with ‘translation loss’ and its ‘accumulation’ (e.g. when ‘translating’ from a ‘translation’ (see ‘chinese whispers’))?
.
(can ‘machine translations’ ever achieve the high degree of ‘comprehensibility’ and ‘quality’ of ‘translations’ translated by a good ‘professional human translator’?)
.
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥