(1683)
(@ its greatest extent)
.
*CALIPHATE #4 (OF 4)*
دولت عليه عثمانیه
Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye
“THE SUBLIME OTTOMAN STATE”
.
(1299 – 1922)
*~ 623 YEARS*
*36 EMPERORS*
(average caliph reign of ~17.31 years)
.
#1
(founder of the ‘ottoman empire’)
(died in 1323)
.
#6
“MURAD 2”
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#7
“MEHMED 2”
*THE CONQUEROR”
(ended the ‘byzantine empire’ with conquest of ‘constantinople’)
(1432 – 1481)
.
#8
“BAYEZID 2”
(eldest son of ‘mehmed 2’)
(1481 – 1512)
.
#36
*36th (+ final) sultan of ‘the ottoman empire’*
(1861 – 1926)
.
*the ottoman caliphate, under the ‘ottoman dynasty’ of the ‘ottoman empire’, was the last ‘sunni islamic caliphate’ of the ‘late medieval’ and the ‘early modern era’*
.
(during the period of ‘ottoman growth’, ottoman rulers claimed ‘caliphal authority’ since murad I’s conquest of ‘edirne’ in ‘1362’)
(later ‘selim I’, through conquering and unification of ‘muslim lands’, became the defender of the ‘holy cities’ of ‘mecca’ and ‘medina’ which further strengthened the ottoman claim to ‘caliphate’ in the ‘muslim world’)
(the demise of the ‘ottoman caliphate’ took place because of a slow erosion of power in relation to ‘western europe’, and because of the end of the ‘ottoman state’ in consequence of the partitioning of the ‘ottoman empire’ by the ‘league of nations’ mandate)
(‘abdülmecid II’ (the last ‘ottoman caliph’) held his ‘caliphal position’ for a couple of years after the partitioning, but with mustafa kemal’s secular reforms and the subsequent exile of the royal ‘osmanoğlu family’ from the ‘republic of turkey’ in ‘1924’, the ‘caliphal position’ was abolished)
(the ottoman empire (/ˈɒtəmən/; ottoman turkish: دولت عليه عثمانیه, Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye; modern turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also known as the turkish empire, or ottoman turkey, was an empire founded at the end of the ’13th century’ in ‘northwestern anatolia’ in the vicinity of ‘bilecik’ and ‘söğüt’ by the ‘oghuz turkish’ tribal leader ‘osman’)
(after ‘1354’, the ottomans crossed into ‘europe’, and with the conquest of the ‘balkans’, the ‘ottoman beylik’ was transformed into a ‘transcontinental empire’)
(the ‘ottomans’ ended the ‘byzantine empire’ (known to the ‘ottomans’ as the roman empire) with the ‘1453 conquest of constantinople’ by ‘mehmed the conqueror’)
(during the ’16th’ and ’17th’ centuries, at the height of its power under the reign of ‘suleiman the magnificent’, the ‘ottoman empire’ was a ‘multinational’ + ‘multilingual’ empire controlling much of ‘southeast europe’, parts of ‘central europe’, ‘western asia’, the ‘caucasus’, ‘north africa’, and the ‘horn of africa’)
(at the beginning of the ’17th century’, the empire contained ’32 provinces’ and numerous ‘vassal states’)
(some of these were later absorbed into the ‘ottoman empire’, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries)
(with ‘constantinople’ as its ‘capital’ and control of lands around the ‘mediterranean basin’, the ‘ottoman empire’ was at the center of interactions between the ‘eastern’ and ‘western’ worlds for 6 centuries)
(while the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of ‘suleiman the magnificent’, this view is no longer supported by the majority of ‘academic historians’)
(the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong ‘economy’, ‘society’, and ‘military’ throughout the ’17th’ and much of the ’18th’ century)
(however, during a long period of peace from ‘1740’ to ‘1768’, the ‘ottoman military system’ fell behind that of their ‘european rivals’, the ‘habsburg’ and ‘russian’ empires)
(the ‘ottomans’ consequently suffered severe military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, which prompted them to initiate a comprehensive process of ‘reform’ and ‘modernization’ known as the ‘tanzimat’)
(thus over the course of the ’19th century’, the ‘ottoman state’ became vastly more ‘powerful’ and ‘organized’, despite suffering further territorial losses, especially in the ‘balkans’, where a number of new states emerged)
(the empire allied with ‘germany’ in the ‘early 20th century’, hoping to escape from the ‘diplomatic isolation’ which had contributed to its recent ‘territorial losses’, and thus joined ‘world war I’ on the side of the ‘central powers’)
(while the empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with ‘internal dissent’, especially with the ‘arab revolt’ in its arabian holdings)
(during this time, major atrocities were committed by the ‘ottoman government’ against the ‘armenians’, ‘assyrians’, and ‘pontic greeks’)
(the empire’s defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the ‘allied powers’ in the aftermath of ‘world war I’ resulted in its ‘partitioning’ and the loss of its ‘middle eastern territories’, which were divided between the ‘united kingdom’ and ‘france’)
.
(the successful “turkish war of independence” against the occupying allies led to the emergence of the “republic of turkey” in the ‘anatolian heartland’ and the abolition of the ‘ottoman monarchy’)
.
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👈👈👈 ☜ *“THE ABBASID CALIFATE” (#3)*
.
.
👈👈👈☜*“THE 4 CALIPHATES”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥