.
*CALIPHATE #2 (OF 4)*
ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة
(661 – 750)
*~ 89 YEARS*
*14 CALIPHS*
(average caliph reign of ~6.36 years)
.
********************************************
#1
(661 – 680)
********************************************
2
3
4
#5
(646 – 705)
(umayyad caliph)
6
7
8
9
10
11
********************************************
#12
(744)
********************************************
#13
“IBRAHIM IBN AL-WALID
(744)
********************************************
#14
(744 – 750)
********************************************
.
*UNDERLINGS* –>
(695 – 715)
(umayyad general)
.
(757 – 796)
(2nd umayyad emir of “cordoba”)
.
.
(Arabic: الخلافة الأموية,
trans.
Al-Khilāfah al-ʾumawiyya),
(also spelled omayyad)
.
*the umayyad caliphate was the 2nd of the 4 major caliphates established after the death of ‘muhammad’*
.
(this caliphate was centered on the ‘umayyad dynasty’ (arabic: الأمويون, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, or بنو أمية, Banū ʾUmayya, “Sons of Umayya”), hailing from ‘mecca’)
(the ‘umayyad family’ had first come to power under the third caliph, ‘Uthman ibn Affan’ (r. 644–656), but the ‘umayyad regime’ was founded by ‘Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan’, long-time governor of ‘syria’, after the end of the ‘First Muslim Civil War’ in ‘AD 661′ (or ’41 AH’))
(‘syria’ remained the umayyads’ main power base thereafter, and ‘damascus’ was their capital)
(the ‘umayyads’ continued the ‘muslim conquests’, incorporating the ‘caucasus’, ‘transoxiana’, ‘sindh’, the ‘maghreb’, and the ‘iberian peninsula’ (or ‘Al-Andalus’) into the ‘muslim world’)
(at its greatest extent, the ‘umayyad caliphate’ covered 11,100,000 km2 (4,300,000 sq mi) and ’62 million people’ (29% of the world’s population), making it ‘one of the largest empires in history’ in both ‘area’ and ‘proportion of the world’s population’)
(the ‘umayyad caliphate’ was ‘secular’ by nature)
(at the time, the umayyad ‘taxation’ and ‘administrative practice’ were perceived as ‘unjust’ by some ‘muslims’)
(the ‘christian’ and ‘jewish’ population still had ‘autonomy’; their ‘judicial matters’ were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own ‘religious heads’ or their ‘appointees’, although they did pay a ‘poll tax’ for policing to the ‘central state’)
(‘muhammad’ had stated explicitly during his lifetime that ‘abrahamic religious groups’ (still a majority in times of the ‘umayyad caliphate’) should be allowed to practice their own religion, provided that they paid the ‘jizya taxation’)
(the ‘welfare state’ of both the ‘muslim’ and the ‘non-muslim’ poor started by ‘umar ibn al khattab’ had also continued, financed by the ‘zakat tax’ levied only on ‘muslims’)
(muawiya’s wife ‘maysum’ (yazid’s mother) was also a ‘christian’)
(the relations between the ‘muslims’ and the ‘christians’ in the state were stable in this time)
(the ‘umayyads’ were involved in frequent battles with the ‘christian byzantines’ without being concerned with protecting themselves in ‘syria’, which had remained largely ‘christian’ like many other parts of the empire)
(prominent positions were held by ‘christians’, some of whom belonged to families that had served in ‘byzantine governments’)
(the employment of ‘christians’ was part of a broader policy of ‘religious assimilation’ that was necessitated by the presence of large christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in ‘syria’)
.
(this policy also boosted muawiya’s popularity and solidified ‘syria’ as his ‘power base’)
.
.
*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
.
.
*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
.
.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥