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(aka “monkeys”)
“primates” –> (latin: “first rank”)
(/ˈpraɪmeɪt/ pry-mayt)
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(a primate is a mammal of the order primates)
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(in taxonomy, ‘primates’ include 2 distinct lineages, ‘strepsirrhines’ and ‘haplorhines’)
(‘primates’ arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging 3-dimensional environment)
(most primate species remain at least partly ‘arboreal’)
(with the exception of ‘humans’, who inhabit every continent, most ‘primates’ live in tropical or subtropical regions of the ‘Americas’, ‘Africa’, and ‘Asia’)
(they range in size from Madame Berthe’s ‘mouse lemur’, which weighs only 30 g (1 oz), to the ‘eastern gorilla’, weighing over 200 kg (440 lb); that is, without taking into account the weight of particular human individuals, reaching up to 635 kg (1,400 lb))
(based on fossil evidence, the earliest known ‘true primates’, represented by the genus Teilhardina, date to 55.8 million years old)
(an early close primate relative known from abundant remains is the ‘Late Paleocene’ Plesiadapis, c. 55–58 million years old)
(molecular clock studies suggest that the ‘primate’ branch may be even older, originating near the ‘Cretaceous–Paleogene’ boundary or around 63–74 mya)
(the order ‘Primates’ was traditionally divided into 2 main groupings: ‘prosimians’ and ‘anthropoids’ (‘simians’))
(‘prosimians’ have characteristics more like those of the earliest ‘primates’, and include the lemurs of ‘Madagascar’, ‘lorisoids’, and ‘tarsiers’)
(‘simians’ include ‘monkeys’, ‘apes’, and ‘hominins’)
(more recently, taxonomists have preferred to split ‘primates’ into the suborder ‘Strepsirrhini’, or ‘wet-nosed primates’, consisting of ‘non-tarsier prosimians’, and the suborder ‘Haplorhini’, or ‘dry-nosed primates’, consisting of ‘tarsiers’ and the ‘simians’)
(‘simians’ are divided into 2 groups: ‘catarrhine’ (‘narrow-nosed’) monkeys and ‘apes’ of ‘Africa’ and ‘Southeast Asia’ and ‘platyrrhine’ (“flat-nosed”) or ‘New World’ monkeys of ‘South’ and ‘Middle America’)
(‘catarrhines’ consist of ‘Old World’ monkeys (such as ‘baboons’ and ‘macaques’), ‘gibbons’, and ‘great apes’; ‘New World’ monkeys include the ‘capuchin’, ‘howler’, and ‘squirrel monkeys’)
(‘humans’ are the only extant ‘catarrhines’ to have spread successfully outside of ‘Africa’, ‘South Asia’, and ‘East Asia’, although fossil evidence shows many other species were formerly present in ‘Europe’)
(new primate species are still being discovered)
(more than 25 species were taxonomically described in the decade of the 2000s and 11 have been described since 2010)
(considered ‘generalist mammals’, ‘primates’ exhibit a wide range of characteristics)
(some primates (including some ‘great apes’ and ‘baboons’) are primarily ‘terrestrial’ rather than ‘arboreal’, but all species possess adaptations for ‘climbing trees’)
(‘locomotion techniques’ used include ‘leaping from tree to tree’, ‘walking on 2 or 4 limbs’, ‘knuckle-walking’, and ‘swinging between branches of trees’ (aka ‘brachiation’))
(‘primates’ are characterized by large brains relative to other ‘mammals’, as well as an increased reliance on ‘stereoscopic vision’ at the expense of ‘smell’, the dominant sensory system in most ‘mammals’)
(these features are more developed in ‘monkeys’ and ‘apes’ and noticeably less so in ‘lorises’ and ‘lemurs’)
(‘3-color vision’ has developed in some primates)
(most also have ‘opposable thumbs’ and some have ‘prehensile tails’)
(many species are ‘sexually dimorphic’; differences include ‘body mass’, ‘canine tooth size’, and ‘coloration’)
(‘primates’ have slower rates of development than other similarly sized ‘mammals’ and reach ‘maturity’ later, but have longer lifespans)
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(depending on the species, ‘adults’ may live in solitude, in ‘mated pairs’, or in ‘groups of up to hundreds of members’)
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