*aka ‘speech’*
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*INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET*
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(‘speech’ is ‘human vocal communication’ using the ‘phonetic combinations’ of a limited set of ‘perfectly articulated’ + ‘individualized’ ‘vowel’ + ‘consonant’ sounds that form the sound of words characteristic of a ‘language’)
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(that is, all ‘english words’ sound different from all ‘french words’, even if they are the same word, e.g., “role” or “hotel”), and using those words in their ‘semantic character’ as ‘words’ in the ‘lexicon’ of a ‘language’ according to the ‘syntactic constraints’ that govern lexical words’ function in a ‘sentence’)
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(in ‘speaking’, ‘speakers’ perform many different ‘intentional speech acts’, such as…)
‘informing’
‘declaring’
‘asking’
‘persuading’
‘directing’
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(in their ‘speech’, ‘speakers’ also unintentionally communicate many aspects of their ‘social position’ such as…)
‘sex’
‘age’
‘place of origin’
(through ‘accent’)
‘physical states’
(‘alertness’ / ‘sleepiness’)
(’vigor’ / ‘weakness’)
(’health’ / ‘illness’)
‘psychic states’
(’emotions’ / ‘moods’)
‘physico-psychic states’
(‘sobriety’ / ‘drunkenness’)
(‘normal consciousness’ / ‘trance states’)
(‘education’)
(’experience’)
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(and so it goes…)
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(although people ordinarily use ‘speech’ in dealing with other ‘persons’ (or ‘animals’), when people ‘swear’ they do not always mean to communicate anything to anyone, and sometimes in expressing ‘urgent emotions’ or ‘desires’ they use ‘speech’ as a ‘quasi-magical cause’, as when they encourage a ‘player’ in a ‘game’ to ‘do’ or ‘warn’ them not to do something)
(there are also many situations in which people engage in ‘solitary speech’)
(people ‘talk to themselves’ sometimes in acts that are a development of what some ‘psychologists’ (e.g., ‘lev vygotsky’) have maintained is the use in ‘thinking’ of ‘silent speech’ in an ‘interior monologue’ to ‘vivify’ + ‘organize’ cognition, sometimes in the momentary adoption of a ‘dual persona’ as ‘self-addressing self’ as though addressing another person)
(‘solo speech’ can be used to ‘memorize’ or to ‘test’ one’s ‘memorization’ of things, and in ‘prayer’ or in ‘meditation’ (e.g., the use of a ‘mantra’))
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(‘researchers’ study many different aspects of ‘speech’…)
*’speech production’ + ‘speech perception’ of the sounds used in a ‘language’*
*speech repetition*
*speech errors*
*the ability to map ‘heard spoken words’ onto the ‘vocalizations’ needed to recreate them*
(which plays a key role in children’s enlargement of their ‘vocabulary’)
*what different areas of the ‘human brain’ (such as ‘broca’s area’ + ‘wernicke’s area’) underlie ‘speech’*
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(‘speech’ is the subject of study for…)
‘linguistics’
‘cognitive science’
‘communication studies’
‘psychology’
‘computer science’
‘speech pathology’
‘otolaryngology’
‘acoustics’
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(‘speech’ also includes ‘written language’, which may differ in its (‘vocabulary’ / ‘syntax’ / ‘phonetics’) from the ‘spoken language’, a situation called ‘diglossia’)
(the ‘evolutionary origins’ of ‘speech’ are ‘unknown’ and subject to much ‘debate’ + ‘speculation’)
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(while ‘animals’ also communicate using ‘vocalizations’, and ‘trained apes’ (such as ‘washoe’ + ‘kanzi’) can use ‘simple sign language’, no animals’ vocalizations are articulated ‘phonemically’ + ‘syntactically’, and thereby do not constitute ‘speech’)
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥