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-as of [20 SEPTEMBER 2024]-
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*3 KNOWN TYPES* —>
-THE ‘PHOTON’-
(carries ‘electro-magnetic force’)
-THE ‘GLUON’-
(carries ‘strong force’)
-THE ‘W/Z BOSON’-
(carries ‘weak force’)
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*1 “THEORETICAL TYPE”* —>
-THE ‘GRAVITON’-
(carries ‘gravity’)
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/ˈboʊsɒn/
/ˈboʊzɒn/
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-in ‘quantum mechanix’, a boson is a ‘particle’ that follows ‘bose–einstein’ statistics–
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(“bosons” make up 1 of the 2 classes of ‘particles’, the other being ‘fermions’)
(the name “boson” was coined by “paul dirac” to commemorate the contribution of the indian physicist “satyendra nath bose” in developing, with einstein, “bose–einstein statistics”—which theorizes the characteristics of ‘elementary particles’)
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(examples of ‘bosons’ include…)
*fundamental particles* —>
*’photons’*
(carries the ‘electro-magnetic force’)
*’gluons’*
(carries the ‘strong force’)
*’W’ + ‘Z’ ‘bosons’*
(the 4 force-carrying gauge ‘bosons’ of the ‘standard model’)
*the recently discovered ’higgs boson’’*
*the hypothetical ‘graviton’*
(of ‘quantum gravity’)
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*composite particles* —>
‘mesons’
‘stable nuclei’ of ‘even mass number’
(such as ‘deuterium’)
(with 1 ‘proton’ + 1 ‘neutron’
(‘mass number’ = 2)
‘helium-4’
‘lead-208’
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*quasi-particles* —>
‘cooper pairs’
‘plasmons’
‘photons’
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(an important characteristic of ‘bosons’ is that their ‘statistics’ do not restrict the # of them that occupy the same ‘quantum state’)
(this property is exemplified by ‘helium-4’ when it is cooled to become a ‘superfluid’)
(unlike ‘bosons’, 2 identical ‘fermions’ cannot occupy the same ‘quantum space’)
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(whereas the ‘elementary particles’ that make up matter (such as ‘leptons’ + ‘quarks’) are ‘fermions’…
….the ‘elementary bosons’ are ‘force carriers’ that function as the ‘glue’ holding ‘matter’ together)
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(this property holds for all ‘particles’ with integer spin (s = 0, 1, 2 etc.) as a consequence of the ‘spin–statistics theorem’)
(when a gas of ‘bose’ particles is cooled down to temperatures very close to ‘absolute zero’, then the ‘kinetic energy’ of the ‘particles’ decreases to a ‘negligible amount’ and they condense into a ‘lowest energy level state’)
(this state is called ‘bose-einstein condensation’)
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(it is believed that this property is the explanation of “super-fluidity”)
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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👈👈👈☜*“ELEMENTARY PARTICLES”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥