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-as of [21 MARCH 2024]–
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‘ENGLISH’ DIALECTS” –>
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(sometimes new english / NE)
(as opposed to ‘middle english’ + ‘old english’)
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*”modern english” is the form of the ‘english language’ spoken since the “great vowel shift” in england, which began in the ‘late 1300s’ + was completed in roughly ‘1550’*
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“the great vowel shift”
(the Great Vowel Shift was a series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 1400 and 1700, beginning in southern England and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English)
(through this vowel shift, the pronunciation of all Middle English long vowels was changed)
(some consonant sounds changed as well, particularly those that became silent)
(the term Great Vowel Shift is sometimes used to include these consonant changes)
English spelling began to become standardized in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the Great Vowel Shift is the major reason English spellings now often considerably deviate from how they represent pronunciations.
(“The Great Vowel Shift” was first studied by Otto Jespersen (1860–1943), a Danish linguist and Anglicist, who coined the term)
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(with some differences in ‘vocabulary’, texts from the ‘early 1600s’ (such as the works of ‘william shakespeare’ + the ‘king james bible’) are considered to be in ‘modern english’, or more specifically, are referred to as using ‘early modern english’ or ‘elizabethan english’)
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[‘english’ was adopted in regions around the world, such as…]
‘north america’
*the ‘indian subcontinent’*
‘africa’
‘australia’
‘new zealand’
(through colonization by the ‘british empire’)
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(‘modern english’ has a large number of ‘dialects’ spoken in diverse countries throughout the world)
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[this includes…]
‘american english’
,
‘australian english’
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‘british english’
(containing ‘english english’ / ‘welsh english’ / ‘scottish english’)
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‘canadian english’
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‘caribbean english’
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‘hiberno-english’
(aka ‘irish english’)
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‘indian english’
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‘pakistani english’
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‘nigerian english’
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‘new zealand english’
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‘philippine english’
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‘singaporean english’
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‘south african english’
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*according to the ‘ethnologue’, there are almost 1 billion speakers of english as a ‘1st’ or ‘2nd’ language*
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Ethnologue: Languages of the World (stylized as Ethnoloɠue) is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world.
It was first issued in 1951, and is now published annually by SIL International, a U.S.-based, worldwide, Christian non-profit organization.
SIL’s main purpose is to study, develop and document languages to promote literacy and for religious purposes
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As of 2020, Ethnologue contains web-based information on 7,117 languages in its 23rd edition, including
the number of speakers,
locations,
dialects,
linguistic affiliations,
autonyms,
availability of the Bible in each language and dialect described,
a cursory description of revitalization efforts where reported,
and an estimate of language viability using the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS).
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(‘english’ is spoken as a ‘1st’/’2nd’ language in a large number of countries, with the largest # of ‘native speakers’ being in…)
*the ‘united kingdom’*
‘ireland’
‘canada’
*the ‘united states’*
‘australia’
‘new zealand’
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(there are also large populations in…)
‘india’
‘pakistan’
*the ‘philippines’*
‘southern africa’
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(it “has more non-native speakers than any other language, is more widely dispersed around the world and is used for more purposes than any other language”)
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(its large number of speakers, plus its worldwide presence, have made ‘english’ a common language of…)
*the airlines*
*’the sea’*
*’shipping’*
*’computer technology’
*’science’*
(…and indeed of ‘communication’ generally)
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👈👈👈☜*“ENGLISH LANGUAGES”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥