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(in ‘biology’ + ‘ecology’, parasitism is a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (the host))
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(traditionally parasite (in ‘biological usage’) referred primarily to ‘organisms’ visible to the ‘naked eye’, or ‘macro-parasites’ (such as ‘helminths’))
(‘parasites’ can be ‘micro-parasites’, which are typically smaller, such as ‘protozoa’, ‘viruses’, and ‘bacteria’)
(examples of ‘parasites’ include the plants ‘mistletoe’ and ‘cuscuta’, and animals such as ‘hookworms’)
(unlike ‘predators’, ‘parasites’ typically do not kill their ‘host, are generally much smaller than their ‘host’, and will often live in or on their ‘host’ for an extended period)
(both are special cases of ‘consumer-resource interactions’)
(‘parasites’ show a high degree of ‘specialization’, and reproduce at a faster rate than their ‘hosts’)
(classic examples of ‘parasitism’ include interactions between ‘vertebrate hosts’ and ‘tapeworms’, ‘flukes’, the plasmodium species, and ‘fleas’)
(‘parasitism’ differs from the ‘parasitoid relationship’ in that ‘parasitoids’ generally kill their ‘host’)
(‘parasites’ reduce ‘host biological fitness’ by ‘general’ or ‘specialized’ pathology, such as ‘parasitic castration’ and impairment of ‘secondary sex characteristics’, to the modification of ‘host behavior’)
(‘parasites’ increase their own fitness by exploiting hosts for resources necessary for their survival (e.g. ‘food’, ‘water’, ‘heat’, ‘habitat’, and ‘transmission’)
(although ‘parasitism’ applies unambiguously to many cases, it is part of a continuum of types of interactions between ‘species’, rather than an ‘exclusive category’)
(in many cases, it is difficult to demonstrate ‘harm’ to the ‘host’)
(in others, there may be no apparent specialization on the part of the parasite, or the interaction between the organisms may remain short-lived)
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