*MONOPLOID*
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.
*HAPLOID*
(half of ‘total chromosome sets’ present in ‘somatic cells’)
(in humans, ‘haploid’ refers to ’23 sets’ of chromosomes)
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*DIPLOID*
(in humans, ’46 sets’ of chromosomes)
(23 sets from ‘male gamete’ (/ ‘sperm cell’))
(23 sets from ‘female gamete’ (/ ‘egg’))
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.
*POLYPLOID*
(more than 2 sets of chromosomes)
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*”ploidy” is the # of ‘sets’ of ‘chromosomes’ in a ‘cell’, and hence the number of possible ‘alleles’ for ‘autosomal’ + ‘pseudo-auto-somal’ genes*
.
(‘cells’ are described according to the # of ‘sets’ present…)
(the ploidy level)
monoploid
(1 set)
.
diploid
(2 sets)
.
triploid
(3 sets)
.
tetraploid
(4 sets)
.
‘pentaploid’
(5 sets)
.
‘hexaploid’
(6 sets)
.
‘heptaploid’ (or ‘septaploid’)
(7 sets)
.
*ETC*
.
(the generic term polyploid is used to describe cells with 3 or more sets of chromosomes (‘triploid’ or higher ‘ploidy’))
.
(humans are ‘diploid organisms’, carrying 2 complete sets of ‘chromosomes’…)
*1 set of 23 chromosomes from their ‘father’*
*1 set of 23 chromosomes from their ‘mother’*
.
(the 2 sets combined provide a full complement of 46 ‘chromosomes’)
.
(this total number of chromosomes is called the “chromosome number”)
.
(when a species has a varying ‘chromosome number’ (e.g. a ‘diploid’ and ‘tetraploid form’) the ‘chromosome number’ is called ‘diploid number’ in the ‘diploid form’, and ‘tetraploid number’ in the ‘tetraploid form’)
(the # of ‘chromosomes’ found in a single complete set of ‘chromosomes’ is called the monoploid number (x))
(the haploid number (n) is unique to ‘gametes’ (‘sperm’ or ‘egg’ cells), and refers to the total # of ‘chromosomes’ found in a ‘gamete’, which under normal conditions is half the “total # of ‘chromosomes’ in a ‘somatic cell’)
(the ‘haploid number’ for ‘humans’ (aka “half of 46”) is “23”; and the “monoploid number” equals ’46’ divided by the ‘ploidy level’ of ‘2’, which is also ’23’)
(when a ‘human germ cell’ undergoes ‘meiosis’, the 2 sets of 23 chromosomes are split in half to form ‘gametes’)
(after ‘fusion’ of a ‘male’ and a ‘female’ gamete (aka ‘fertilization’) both containing 1 set of 23 chromosomes, the resulting ‘zygote’ has 46 ‘chromosomes’: 2 sets of 23 ‘chromosomes’ (’22 autosomes’ + ‘1 allosome’))
(the “common potato” (solanum tuberosum) is an example of a “tetraploid organism”, carrying 4 sets of ‘chromosomes’)
(the ‘potato plant’ inherits 2 sets of 12 ‘chromosomes’ from the ‘pollen parent’, and 2 sets of 12 chromosomes from the ‘ovule parent’)
(the 4 sets combined provide a full complement of 48 ‘chromosomes’)
(the ‘haploid number’ (aka “half of 48”) is ’24’)
(the ‘monoploid number’ equals the ‘chromosome number’ divided by the ‘ploidy level’: 48 chromosomes in total divided by a ‘ploidy level’ of ‘4’ equals a ‘monoploid number’ of ’12’)
.
(the ‘commercial common potato crop’ is propagated ‘vegetatively’ (aka “asexual reproduction through ‘mitosis'”),
in which case new individuals are produced from a single parent, without the involvement of ‘gametes’ + ‘fertilization’
(all the offspring are ‘genetically equal’ to each other and to the ‘parent’)
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥