-PLOIDY-

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-as of [21 SEPTEMBER 2024]-

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*MONOPLOID*

“GERM CELLS”

“STEM CELLS”

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*HAPLOID*

(half of ‘total chromosome sets’ present in ‘somatic cells’)
(in humans, ‘haploid’ refers to ’23 sets’ of chromosomes)

“GAMETE”

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*DIPLOID*

(in humans, ’46 sets’ of chromosomes)
(23 sets from ‘male gamete’ (/ ‘sperm cell’))
(23 sets from ‘female gamete’ (/ ‘egg’))

“SOMATIC CELL”

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*POLYPLOID*

(more than 2 sets of chromosomes)

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-“ploidy” is the # of ‘sets’ of ‘chromosomes’ in a ‘cell’, and hence the number of possible ‘alleles’ for ‘autosomal’ + ‘pseudo-auto-somal’ genes-

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(‘cells’ are described according to the # of ‘sets’ present…)
(the ploidy level)

monoploid
(1 set)

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diploid
(2 sets)

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triploid
(3 sets)

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tetraploid
(4 sets)

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‘pentaploid’
(5 sets)

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‘hexaploid’
(6 sets)

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‘heptaploid’ (or ‘septaploid’) 
(7 sets)

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*ETC*

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(the generic term polyploid is used to describe cells with 3 or more sets of chromosomes (‘triploid’ or higher ‘ploidy’))

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(humans are ‘diploid organisms’, carrying 2 complete sets of ‘chromosomes’…)

*1 set of 23 chromosomes from their ‘father’*

*1 set of 23 chromosomes from their ‘mother’*

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(the 2 sets combined provide a full complement of 46 ‘chromosomes’)

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(this total number of chromosomes is called the “chromosome number”)

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(when a species has a varying ‘chromosome number’ (e.g. a ‘diploid’ and ‘tetraploid form’) the ‘chromosome number’ is called ‘diploid number’ in the ‘diploid form’, and ‘tetraploid number’ in the ‘tetraploid form’)

(the # of ‘chromosomes’ found in a single complete set of ‘chromosomes’ is called the monoploid number (x))

(the haploid number (n) is unique to ‘gametes’ (‘sperm’ or ‘egg’ cells), and refers to the total # of ‘chromosomes’ found in a ‘gamete’, which under normal conditions is half the “total # of ‘chromosomes’ in a ‘somatic cell’)

(the ‘haploid number’ for ‘humans’ (aka “half of 46”) is “23”; and the “monoploid number” equals ’46’ divided by the ‘ploidy level’ of ‘2’, which is also ’23’)

(when a ‘human germ cell’ undergoes ‘meiosis’, the 2 sets of 23 chromosomes are split in half to form ‘gametes’)

(after ‘fusion’ of a ‘male’ and a ‘female’ gamete (aka ‘fertilization’) both containing 1 set of 23 chromosomes, the resulting ‘zygote’ has 46 ‘chromosomes’: 2 sets of 23 ‘chromosomes’ (’22 autosomes’ + ‘1 allosome’))

(the “common potato” (solanum tuberosum) is an example of a “tetraploid organism”, carrying 4 sets of ‘chromosomes’)

(the ‘potato plant’ inherits 2 sets of 12 ‘chromosomes’ from the ‘pollen parent’, and 2 sets of 12 chromosomes from the ‘ovule parent’)

(the 4 sets combined provide a full complement of 48 ‘chromosomes’)

(the ‘haploid number’ (aka “half of 48”) is ’24’)

(the ‘monoploid number’ equals the ‘chromosome number’ divided by the ‘ploidy level’: 48 chromosomes in total divided by a ‘ploidy level’ of ‘4’ equals a ‘monoploid number’ of ’12’)

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(the ‘commercial common potato crop’ is propagated ‘vegetatively’ (aka “asexual reproduction through ‘mitosis'”), 

in which case new individuals are produced from a single parent, without the involvement of ‘gametes’ + ‘fertilization’

(all the offspring are ‘genetically equal’ to each other and to the ‘parent’)

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*๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ”ฌ๐Ÿ•ต๏ธโ€โ™€๏ธ๐Ÿ™‡โ€โ™€๏ธ*SKETCHES*๐Ÿ™‡โ€โ™‚๏ธ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ”ฌ๐Ÿ•ต๏ธโ€โ™‚๏ธ*

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๐Ÿ“š๐Ÿ“–|/\-*WIKI-LINK*-/\|๐Ÿ“–๐Ÿ“š

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๐Ÿ‘ˆ๐Ÿ‘ˆ๐Ÿ‘ˆโ˜œ*โ€œCELLSโ€* โ˜ž ๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿ‘‰

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๐Ÿ’•๐Ÿ’๐Ÿ’–๐Ÿ’“๐Ÿ–ค๐Ÿ’™๐Ÿ–ค๐Ÿ’™๐Ÿ–ค๐Ÿ’™๐Ÿ–คโค๏ธ๐Ÿ’š๐Ÿ’›๐Ÿงกโฃ๏ธ๐Ÿ’ž๐Ÿ’”๐Ÿ’˜โฃ๏ธ๐Ÿงก๐Ÿ’›๐Ÿ’šโค๏ธ๐Ÿ–ค๐Ÿ’œ๐Ÿ–ค๐Ÿ’™๐Ÿ–ค๐Ÿ’™๐Ÿ–ค๐Ÿ’—๐Ÿ’–๐Ÿ’๐Ÿ’˜

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*๐ŸŒˆโœจ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* โœจ๐ŸŒท*

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๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ*we won the war* ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ