-the ‘quark structure’ of the ‘proton’-
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-there are 2 ‘up quarks’ in it and 1 ‘down quark’-
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-the ‘strong force’ is mediated by ‘gluons’ (wavey)-
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-the ‘strong force’ has 3 types of charges-
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(the so-called [red/green/blue])
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-note that the choice of ‘green’ for the ‘down quark’ is arbitrary-
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-the “color charge” is thought of as circulating among the 3 quarks-
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-composed of 3 ‘quarks’–
-1st generation quarks-
(the ‘electronic generation’)
-2 ‘up quarks’–
-1 ‘down quark’–
-held together by ‘the strong force’–
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*abbreviations* —>
p
p+
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-the proton is a ‘sub-atomic particle’ with a ‘positive electric charge’ of +1e ‘elementary charge’ + ‘mass’ slightly less than that of a ‘neutron’-
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(‘protons’ + ‘neutrons’ (each with ‘mass’ approximately ‘1 atomic mass unit’) are collectively referred to as ‘nucleons’)
(1 or more ‘protons’ are present in the ‘nucleus’ of every ‘atom’)
(the # of ‘protons’ in the ‘nucleus’ is the defining property of an ‘element’, and is referred to as the ‘atomic number’)
(since each ‘element’ has a ‘unique # of protons’, each ‘element’ has its own unique ‘atomic number’)
(the word proton is ‘greek’ for ‘first’, and this name was given to the ‘hydrogen nucleus’ by ‘ernest rutherford’ in ‘1920’)
(in previous years, ‘rutherford’ had discovered that the ‘hydrogen nucleus’ (known to be the ‘lightest nucleus’) could be ‘extracted’ from the ‘nuclei’ of ‘nitrogen’ via ‘collision’)
(the ‘proton’ was therefore a ‘candidate’ to be a ‘fundamental particle’ and a ‘building block’ of ‘nitrogen’ and all other heavier ‘atomic nuclei’)
(in the modern ‘standard model’ of ‘particle physics’, the ‘proton’ is a ‘hadron’)
(just like the ‘neutron’)
(the other ‘particle’ present in ‘atomic nuclei’)
(the proton is composed of 3 ‘quarks’)
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(although the ‘proton’ was originally considered a ‘fundamental’ (or ‘elementary’) particle, it is now known to be composed of 3 ‘valence quarks’…)
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2 ‘up quarks’ + 1 ‘down quark’ = ‘proton’
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(the ‘rest masses’ of the ‘quarks’ contribute only about 1% of the proton’s ‘mass’)
(the remainder of the ‘proton mass’ is due to the ‘kinetic energy’ of the ‘quarks’ + to the ‘energy’ of the ‘gluon fields’ that bind the ‘quarks’ together)
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(because the ‘proton’ is not a ‘fundamental particle’, it possesses a ‘physical size’…)
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*the ‘radius’ of the ‘proton’ is about ‘0.84 fm’ – ‘0.87 fm’)
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“fm” –>
“femtometre”
The femtometre (American spelling femtometer, symbol fm derived from the Danish and Norwegian word femten, “fifteen” (15), Ancient Greek: μέτρον, metrοn, “unit of measurement”) is an SI unit of length equal to 10−15metres, which means a quadrillionth of one.
This distance can also be called a fermi and was so named in honour of physicist Enrico Fermi, as it is a typical length-scale of nuclear physics.
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(at ‘sufficiently low temperatures’, ‘free protons’ will bind to ‘electrons’)
(however, the ‘character’ of such ‘bound protons’ does not ‘change’, and they remain ‘protons’)
(a ‘fast proton’ moving through ‘matter’ will ‘slow’ by ‘interactions’ with ‘electrons’ and ‘nuclei’, until it is captured by the ‘electron cloud’ of an ‘atom’)
(the result is a ‘protonated atom’, which is a ‘chemical compound’ of ‘hydrogen’)
(in ‘vacuum’, when ‘free electrons’ are present, a ‘sufficiently slow proton’ may pick up a single ‘free electron’, becoming a ‘neutral hydrogen atom’, which is chemically a ‘free radical’)
(such “free hydrogen atoms” tend to react chemically with many other types of ‘atoms’ at ‘sufficiently low energies’)
(when ‘free hydrogen atoms’ react with each other, they form ‘neutral hydrogen molecules’ (H2) which are the most common ‘molecular component’ of ‘molecular clouds’ in ‘interstellar space’)
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(such ‘molecules’ of ‘hydrogen’ on ‘earth’ may then serve (among many other uses) as a ‘convenient source of ‘protons” for ‘accelerators’ (as used in ‘proton therapy’) and other ‘hadron particle physics experiments’ that require ‘protons’ to ‘accelerate’, with the ‘most powerful’ and ‘noted’ example being the “large hadron collider”)
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥