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*OPEN PROBLEMS*
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(the ‘scientific method‘ is a body of ‘techniques’ for…)
*investigating ‘phenomena’‘*
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*acquiring new ‘knowledge’*
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*’correcting’ + ‘integrating’ previous ‘knowledge’*
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(to be termed ‘scientific’, a ‘method of inquiry’ is commonly based on ’empirical’ (or ‘measurable’) evidence subject to specific ‘principles of reasoning’)
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(the ‘oxford dictionaries online’ define the ‘scientific method’ as…)
*a ‘method’ (or ‘procedure’) that has characterized ‘natural science’ since the 1600s, consisting in systematic [‘observation’ / ‘measurement’ / ‘experiment’] + the [‘formulation’ / ‘testing’ / ‘modification’] of ‘hypotheses’*
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(the ‘scientific method’ is an ongoing process which (usually) begins with ‘observations’ about the ‘natural world’)
(‘human beings’ are naturally ‘inquisitive’, so they often come up with ‘questions’ about things they ‘see or hear and often develop ideas (aka ‘hypotheses’) about why things are the way they are)
(the best ‘hypotheses’ lead to ‘predictions’ that can be tested in various ways, including making further observations about ‘nature’)
(in general, the strongest tests of ‘hypotheses’ come from ‘carefully controlled’ + ‘replicated’ experiments that gather ’empirical data’)
(depending on how well the tests match the predictions, the original ‘hypothesis’ may require [‘refinement’ / ‘alteration’ / ‘expansion’ / ‘rejection’])
(if a particular ‘hypothesis’ becomes very ‘well-supported’, a general ‘theory’ may be developed)
(although ‘procedures’ vary from 1 ‘field of inquiry’ to another, ‘identifiable features’ are frequently shared in common between them)
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(the overall process of the ‘scientific method’ involves…)
#1
*making ‘conjectures’*
(aka ‘hypotheses’)
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#2
*deriving ‘predictions’ from them as ‘logical consequences’*
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#3
*carrying out ‘experiments’ based on those ‘predictions’*
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(a ‘hypothesis’ is a ‘conjecture’, based on ‘knowledge’ obtained while formulating the ‘question’)
(the ‘hypothesis’ might be very ‘specific’ or it might be ‘broad’)
(‘scientists’ then test ‘hypotheses’ by conducting ‘experiments’)
(under modern interpretations, a scientific hypothesis must be ‘falsifiable’, implying that it is possible to identify a possible outcome of an experiment that conflicts with predictions deduced from the ‘hypothesis’; otherwise, the ‘hypothesis’ cannot be meaningfully tested)
(the purpose of an ‘experiment’ is to determine whether observations ‘agree with’ or ‘conflict’ with the predictions derived from a ‘hypothesis’)
(experiments can take place in a ‘college lab’, on a ‘kitchen table’, at CERN’s ‘large hadron collider’, at the bottom of an ‘ocean’, on ‘mars’, and so on)
(there are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method, however)
(though the ‘scientific method’ is often presented as a ‘fixed sequence of steps’, it represents rather a set of general principles)
(not all ‘steps’ take place in every ‘scientific inquiry’ (or to the same ‘degree’), and are not always in the same ‘order’)
(some ‘philosophers’ and ‘scientists’ have argued that there is no ‘scientific method’)
(for example, ‘lee smolin’ + ‘paul feyerabend’ (in his “against method”))
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(‘nola’ + ‘sankey’ remark that “for some, the whole ‘idea’ of a ‘theory’ of ‘scientific method’ is yester-year’s debate”)
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥