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C8H11NO2
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*a contraction of 3,4-Di-hydrOxyPhenethylamine*
*which is ‘super-abbreviated’ as ‘DA’*
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*PRE-CURSOR CHEMICAL* –>
*tyrosine*
(1 of 20 (21?) biological amino acids)
C9H11NO3
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+ 1 NITROGEN —>
C9H11NO4
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| -1 CARBON| / | – 2 NITROGEN| –>
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*DOPAMINE*
C8H11NO2
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*”dopamine” is an ‘organic chemical’ of the ‘catecholamine’ + ‘phenethylamine’ families that plays several important roles in the ‘brain’ + ‘body’*
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(it is an ‘amine’ synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its pre-cursor chemical L-DOPA, which is synthesized in the ‘brain’ + ‘kidneys’)
(‘dopamine’ is also synthesized in ‘plants’ and most ‘animals’)
(in the ‘brain’, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other ‘nerve cells’)
(the ‘brain’ includes several distinct ‘dopamine pathways’, one of which plays a major role in ‘reward-motivated behavior’)
(most types of rewards increase the level of dopamine in the brain, and many addictive drugs increase ‘dopamine neuronal activity’)
(other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones)
(these pathways and cell groups form a dopamine system which is ‘neuromodulatory’)
(outside the ‘central nervous system’, dopamine functions primarily as a local chemical messenger)
(in ‘blood vessels’, it inhibits norepinephrinerelease and acts as a vasodilator (at normal concentrations))
(in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output)
(in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production)
(in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa)
(and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of ‘lymphocytes’)
(with the exception of the ‘blood vessels’, dopamine in each of these peripheral systems is synthesized locally and exerts its effects near the cells that release it)
(several important ‘diseases’ of the nervous system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system, and some of the key medications used to treat them work by altering the effects of ‘dopamine’)
(‘parkinson’s disease’ (a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment) is caused by a loss of ‘dopamine-secreting neurons’ in an area of the ‘midbrain’ called the ‘substantia nigra’)
(its metabolic precursor ‘L-DOPA’ can be manufactured, and in its pure form marketed as levodopa is the most widely used treatment for the condition)
(there is evidence that ‘schizophrenia’ involves altered levels of dopamine activity, and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists which reduce ‘dopamine activity’)
(similar ‘dopamine antagonist drugs’ are also some of the most effective ‘anti-nausea agents’)
(‘restless legs syndrome’ + ‘attention deficit hyperactivity disorder’ (ADHD) are associated with decreased ‘dopamine activity’)
(‘dopaminergic stimulants’ can be addictive in high doses, but some are used at lower doses to treat ‘ADHD’)
(‘dopamine’ itself is available as a ‘manufactured medication’ for ‘intravenous injection’)
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(although it cannot reach the ‘brain’ from the ‘bloodstream’, its ‘peripheral effects’ make it useful in the treatment of ‘heart failure’ or ‘shock’, especially in ‘newborn babies’)
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👈👈👈☜*“NEURO-TRANSMITTERS”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥