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(the house of lancaster was the name of two cadet branches of the royal “house of plantagenet”)
(the first house was created when “henry III” of England created the Earldom of Lancaster—from which the house was named—for his second son “edmund crouchback” in 1267)
(“edmund” had already been created Earl of Leicester in 1265 and was granted the lands and privileges of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, after de Montfort’s death and attainder at the end of the “Second Barons’ War”)
(when edmund’s son ‘thomas’, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, inherited his father-in-law’s estates and title of ‘Earl of Lincoln’ he became at a stroke the most powerful nobleman in ‘england’, with lands throughout the kingdom and the ability to raise vast private armies to wield power at national and local levels)
(this brought him—and ‘henry’, his younger brother—into conflict with their cousin ‘Edward II’ of ‘england’, leading to thomas’s execution)
(‘henry’ inherited Thomas’s titles and he and his son, who was also called Henry, gave loyal service to Edward’s son— ‘Edward III’ of england)
(the second ‘house of lancaster’ was descended from ‘John of Gaunt’, who married the heiress of the first house)
(‘Edward III’ married all his sons to wealthy english heiresses rather than following his predecessors’ practice of finding continental political marriages for royal princes)
(‘Henry of Grosmont’, 1st Duke of Lancaster, had no male heir so Edward married his son John to Henry’s heiress daughter and John’s third cousin ‘Blanche of Lancaster’)
(this gave ‘john’ the vast wealth of the ‘house of lancaster’)
(their son ‘henry’ usurped the throne in 1399, creating one of the factions in the ‘Wars of the Roses’)
(there was an intermittent dynastic struggle between the descendants of ‘edward III’)
(in these wars, the term ‘lancastrian’ became a reference to members of the family and their supporters)
(the family provided england with 3 kings: ‘Henry IV’, who ruled from 1399 to 1413, ‘Henry V’ (1413–1422), and ‘Henry VI’ (1422–1461 and 1470–1471))
(the house became extinct in the male line upon the murder in the ‘Tower of London’ of ‘Henry VI’, following the battlefield execution of his son ‘Edward of Westminster’, ‘Prince of Wales’, by supporters of the ‘House of York’ in 1471)
(lancastrian cognatic descent—from ‘John’ of ‘Gaunt’ and ‘Blanche’ of Lancaster’s daughter ‘Phillipa’ —continued in the royal houses of ‘spain’ and ‘portugal’ while the lancastrian political cause was maintained by ‘Henry Tudor’ —a relatively unknown scion of the ‘beauforts’—eventually leading to the establishment of the “house of tudor”)
(the ‘lancastrians’ left a legacy through the patronage of the arts—most notably in founding Eton College and King’s College, Cambridge—but to historians’ chagrin their propaganda, and that of their Tudor successors, means that it is Shakespeare’s partly fictionalized history plays rather than medievalist scholarly research that has the greater influence on modern perceptions of the dynasty)
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