*lions* - -KINGDOM OF JOGA-

(‘panthera leo’)

(leonardo)

(nemean lion)

(sibling of the sphinx)

(whom oedipus encounters)

(hercules is illegitimate son of zeus)

(so hera hates him)

(sends him to kill nemean lion)

(hopes he dies in battle)

(instead he defeats the lion)

(and wears its furs)

(and zeus makes the constellation leo as a reward)

(tigers are bigger than lions)

(some male lions are 550+ lbs)

(sub-saharan africa and asia)

(endangered in india)

(live 10-14 years in the wild)

(in captivity they can live for over 20 years)

(in the wild, continuous fighting with rival males shortens expected lifespan to under a decade)

(until 10000 years ago lions were the most populated land mammal after humans)

(lived in the americas from the yukon to peru)

(savannah and grassland are where they make their homes)

(though they sometimes take to bush + forest)

pride:

related females and offspring

small # of males

prey on ungulates

(hoofed mammals)

(females do the hunting / males do the humping)

(apex predator / predator at the top of food chain)

(keystone predator / disproportionate effect on ecosystem relative to biomass)

(scavenge as opportunity allows)

(some hunt humans)

(vulnerable species)

(declines of 30% – 50% over last two decades)

(untenable outside of designated reserves)

(males have manes / females don’t)

(‘hear me roar!’)

(barnum and bailey circus)

(with the torescoes)

(‘greatest show on earth!’)

(at madison square garden)

(the lion (Panthera leo) is one of the big cats in the genus Panthera and a member of the family felidae)

The commonly used term African lion collectively denotes the several subspecies in Africa.

With some males exceeding 250 kg (550 lb) in weight,^[4] it is the second-largest living cat after the tiger.

Wild lions currently exist in sub-Saharan Africa and in India (where an endangered remnant population resides in Gir Forest National Park). In ancient historic times, their range was in most of Africa, including North Africa, and across Eurasia from Greece and southeastern Europe to India. In the late Pleistocene, about 10,000 years ago, the lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans: Panthera leo spelaea lived in northern and western Europe and Panthera leo atrox lived in the Americas from the Yukon to Peru.^[5] The lion is classified as a vulnerable species by the IUCN, having seen a major population decline in its African range of 30–50% per two decades during the second half of the twentieth century.^[2] Lion populations are untenable outside designated reserves and national parks. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood, habitat loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern. Within Africa, the West African lionpopulation is particularly endangered.

In the wild, males seldom live longer than 10 to 14 years, as injuries sustained from continual fighting with rival males greatly reduce their longevity.^[6] In captivity they can live more than 20 years. They typically inhabitsavanna and grassland, although they may take to bush and forest. Lions are unusually social compared to other cats. A pride of lions consists of related females and offspring and a small number of adult males. Groups of female lions typically hunt together, preying mostly on large ungulates. Lions are apex and keystone predators, although they are also expert scavengers obtaining over 50 percent of their food by scavenging as opportunity allows. While lions do not typically hunt humans, some have. Sleeping mainly during the day, lions are active primarily at night (nocturnal), although sometimes at twilight (crepuscular).^[7]^[8]

Highly distinctive, the male lion is easily recognised by its mane, and its face is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. Depictions have existed from the Upper Paleolithic period, with carvings and paintings from the Lascaux and Chauvet Caves in France dated to 17,000 years ago, through virtually all ancient and medieval cultures where they once occurred. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures, in paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature.

Lions have been kept in menageries since the time of the Roman Empire, and have been a key species sought for exhibition in zoos over the world since the late eighteenth century.

(‘zoos’ are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the ‘endangered asiatic subspecies’)

lion