“TYPES” –>
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(from greek πεπτός / peptós “digested”)
*derived from πέσσειν / péssein “to digest”*
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*’peptides’ are natural ‘biological’ or ‘artificially manufactured’ short chains of ‘amino acid monomers’ linked by ‘peptide’ (aka ‘amide’) ‘bonds’*
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(the ‘co-valent chemical bonds’ are formed when the ‘carboxyl group’ of 1 ‘amino acid’ reacts with the ‘amide group’ of another)
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(the shortest ‘peptides’ are…)
‘di-peptides’, consisting of 2 ‘amino acids’ joined by a ‘single peptide bond’, followed by ‘tripeptides’, ‘tetrapeptides’, and so on…)
(a polypeptide is a ‘long’ / ‘continuous’ / ‘unbranched’ peptide chain)
(hence, ‘peptides’ fall under the ‘broad chemical classes’ of ‘biological oligomers’ and ‘polymers’, alongside ‘nucleic acids’, ‘oligosaccharides’, and ‘polysaccharides’, and so on…)
(‘peptides’ are distinguished from ‘proteins’ on the basis of ‘size’, and as an ‘arbitrary benchmark’ can be understood to contain approximately ’50 or fewer amino acids’)
(so a ‘peptide’ can be considered a ‘short protein’)
(‘proteins’ consist of 1 or more ‘polypeptides’ arranged in a ‘biologically functional’ way, often bound to ‘ligands’ such as ‘coenzymes’ and ‘cofactors’, or to another ‘protein’ or other ‘macromolecule’ (‘DNA’ / ‘RNA’ / etc.), or to ‘complex macromolecular assemblies’)
(finally, while aspects of the ‘lab techniques’ applied to ‘peptides’ versus ‘polypeptides’ and ‘proteins’ differ (e.g., the specifics of ‘electrophoresis’ / ‘chromatography’ / etc), the ‘size boundaries’ that distinguish ‘peptides’ from ‘polypeptides’ and ‘proteins’ are not ‘absolute’: ‘long peptides’ (such as ‘amyloid beta’ have been referred to as ‘proteins’, and ‘smaller proteins’ like ‘insulin’ have been considered ‘peptides’)
(‘amino acids’ that have been incorporated into ‘peptides’ are termed “residues” due to the release of either a ‘hydrogen ion’ from the ‘amine end’ or a ‘hydroxyl ion’ from the ‘carboxyl end’, or both, as a ‘water molecule’ is released during formation of each ‘amide bond’)
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*all ‘peptides’ (except ‘cyclic peptides’) have an ‘N-terminal’/’C-terminal’ residue at the end of the ‘peptide’*
(as shown for the ‘tetrapeptide’ in the image)
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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