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*’early dynastic period’ begins in ‘3100 BCE’*
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(the pre-history of egypt spans the period from ‘earliest human settlement’ to the beginning of the ‘early dynastic period’ of egypt in ‘c. 3100 BC’, starting with the first pharaoh ‘narmer’ (also known as “menes”))
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(this ‘predynastic era’ is traditionally equivalent to the ‘neolithic period’, beginning ‘c. 6000 BCE’ and including the ‘protodynastic period’ (‘naqada III’))
The dates of the Predynastic period were first defined before widespread archaeological excavation of Egypt took place, and recent finds indicating very gradual Predynastic development have led to controversy over when exactly the Predynastic period ended.
(thus, the term “Protodynastic period”, sometimes called the “Zero Dynasty”, has been used by scholars to name the part of the period which might be characterized as Predynastic by some and early dynastic by others)
The Predynastic period is generally divided into cultural periods, each named after the place where a certain type of Egyptian settlement was first discovered. However, the same gradual development that characterizes the Protodynastic period is present throughout the entire Predynastic period, and individual “cultures” must not be interpreted as separate entities but as largely subjective divisions used to facilitate study of the entire period.
(the vast majority of predynastic archaeological finds have been in upper egypt, because the silt of the nile river was more heavily deposited at the delta region, completely burying most delta sites long before modern times)
(in predynastic and early dynastic times, the egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today)
Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates. Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl. Hunting would have been common for Egyptians and this is also the period during which many animals would have been first domesticated
By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry, and identifiable by their pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in upper Egypt, the Badari, was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools, and its use of copper
In Northern Egypt, the Badari was followed by Amratian and Gerzian cultures which showed a number of technological improvements. In Gerzian times, early evidence exists of contact with Palestine and the Byblos coast.
In southern Egypt, the Naqada culture, similar to the Badari, began to expand along the Nile by about 4000 BC. As early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes.
Over a period of about 1000 years, the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and resources of the Nile valley.
Establishing a power center at Hierakonpolis, and later at Abydos, Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the Nile.
they also traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the western desert to the west, and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean to the east.
The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse array of material goods, reflective of the increasing power and wealth of the elite, which included painted pottery, high quality decorative stone vases, cosmetic palettes, and jewelry made of gold, lapis, and ivory.
They also developed a ceramic glaze known as faience which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups, amulets, and figurines.
During the last predynastic phase, the Naqada culture began using written symbols which would eventually evolve into a full system of hieroglyphs for writing the ancient Egyptian language.
Early Dynastic Period
The third century BC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of pharaohs from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still in use today.
He chose to begin his official history with the king named “Meni” (or Menes in Greek) who was then believed to have united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt (around 3200BC).
The transition to a unified state actually happened more gradually than the ancient Egyptian writers would have us believe, and there is no contemporary record of Menes.
Some scholars now believe, however, that the mythical Menes may have actually been the pharaoh Narmer, who is depicted wearing royal regalia on the ceremonial Narmer Palette in a symbolic act of unification.
In the Early Dynastic Period about 3150 BC, the first of the Dynastic pharaohs solidified their control over lower Egypt by establishing a capital at Memphis, from which they could control the labor force and agriculture of the fertile delta region as well as the lucrative and critical trade routes to the Levant. The increasing power and wealth of the pharaohs during the early dynastic period was reflected in their elaborate mastaba tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos, which were used to celebrate the deified pharaoh after his death.The strong institution of kingship developed by the pharaohs served to legitimize state control over the land, labor, and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization.
tutankhamun
(alternately spelled with Tutenkh-, -amen, -amon), Egyptian twt-ˁnḫ-ı͗mn; tVwa:t-ʕa:nəx-ʔaˡma:n (1341 BC – 1323 BC) was an Egyptian Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty (ruled 1333 BC – 1324 BC in the conventional chronology), during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom
“sphinx”
largest monolith statue in the world
(by the ‘late paleolithic’ period, the arid climate of ‘northern africa’ became increasingly hot and dry, forcing the populations of the area to concentrate along the ‘nile valley’, and since nomadic hunter-gatherers began living in the region during the pleistocene some 1.8 million years ago, the nile has been the lifeline of egypt)
(the fertile floodplain of the ‘nile’ gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of ‘human civilization’)
“spirits of ancient egypt”
(from 1975 wings album “venus and mars”)
(not one of their best)
by the late paleolithic period, the arid climate of northern africa became increasingly hot and dry, forcing the populations of the area to concentrate along the nile valley, and since nomadic hunter-gatherers began living in the region during the pleistocene some 1.8 million years ago, the nile has been the lifeline of egypt. the fertile floodplain of the nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization.
In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates. Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl. Hunting would have been common for Egyptians and this is also the period during which many animals would have been first domesticated
By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry, and identifiable by their pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in upper Egypt, the Badari, was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools, and its use of copper
In Northern Egypt, the Badari was followed by Amratian and Gerzian cultures HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-12” [13] which showed a number of technological improvements. In Gerzian times, early evidence exists of contact with Palestine and the Byblos coast. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-13” [14]
In southern Egypt, the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqada” \o “Naqada” Naqada culture, similar to the Badari, began to expand along the Nile by about HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_millennium_BC” \o “4th millennium BC” 4000 BC. As early as the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqada” \o “Naqada” Naqada I Period, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt” \o “Predynastic Egypt” predynastic Egyptians imported HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian” \o “Obsidian” obsidian from HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia” \o “History of Ethiopia” Ethiopia, used to shape HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade” \o “Blade” blades and other objects from HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_flake” \o “Lithic flake” flakes. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-14” [15] Over a period of about 1000 years, the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and resources of the Nile valley. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-15” [16] Establishing a power center at HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekhen” \o “Nekhen” Hierakonpolis, and later at HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt” \o “Abydos, Egypt” Abydos, Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta” \o “Nile Delta” Nile. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-Shaw61-16” [17] They also traded with HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia” \o “Nubia” Nubia to the south, the oases of the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert” \o “Western Desert” western desert to the west, and the cultures of the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean” \o “Eastern Mediterranean” eastern Mediterranean to the east. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-Shaw61-16” [17]
The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse array of material goods, reflective of the increasing power and wealth of the elite, which included painted pottery, high quality decorative stone vases, cosmetic palettes, and jewelry made of gold, lapis, and ivory. They also developed a HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_glaze” \o “Ceramic glaze” ceramic glaze known as HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_faience” \o “Egyptian faience” faience which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups, amulets, and figurines. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-17” [18] During the last predynastic phase, the Naqada culture began using written symbols which would eventually evolve into a full system of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs” \o “Egyptian hieroglyphs” hieroglyphs for writing the ancient Egyptian language. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-18” [19]
[ HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Egypt&action=edit§ion=3” \o “Edit section: Early Dynastic Period” edit] Early Dynastic Period
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NarmerPalette_ROM-gamma.jpg” \o “The Narmer Palette depicts the unification of the Two Lands.[20]” INCLUDEPICTURE “http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NarmerPalette_ROM-gamma.jpg/180px-NarmerPalette_ROM-gamma.jpg” \* MERGEFORMATINET
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NarmerPalette_ROM-gamma.jpg” \o “Enlarge” INCLUDEPICTURE “http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png” \* MERGEFORMATINET
The HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer_Palette” \o “Narmer Palette” Narmer Palette depicts the unification of the Two Lands. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-19” [20]
Main article: HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt” \o “Early Dynastic Period of Egypt” Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
The HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_century_BC” \o “3rd century BC” third century BC Egyptian priest HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manetho” \o “Manetho” Manetho grouped the long line of pharaohs from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still in use today. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-20” [21] He chose to begin his official history with the king named “Meni” (or HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes” \o “Menes” Menes in Greek) who was then believed to have united the two kingdoms of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt” \o “Upper Egypt” Upper and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Egypt” \o “Lower Egypt” Lower Egypt (around 3200BC). HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-21” [22] The transition to a unified state actually happened more gradually than the ancient Egyptian writers would have us believe, and there is no contemporary record of Menes. Some scholars now believe, however, that the mythical Menes may have actually been the pharaoh HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer” \o “Narmer” Narmer, who is depicted wearing HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regalia” \o “Regalia” royal regalia on the ceremonial HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer_Palette” \o “Narmer Palette” Narmer Palette in a symbolic act of unification. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-22” [23]
In the Early Dynastic Period about 3150 BC, the first of the Dynastic pharaohs solidified their control over lower Egypt by establishing a capital at HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt” \o “Memphis, Egypt” Memphis, from which they could control the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_force” \o “Labor force” labor force and agriculture of the fertile delta region as well as the lucrative and critical HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route” \o “Trade route” trade routes to the Levant. The increasing power and wealth of the pharaohs during the early dynastic period was reflected in their elaborate HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba” \o “Mastaba” mastaba tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos, which were used to celebrate the deified pharaoh after his death.The strong institution of kingship developed by the pharaohs served to legitimize state control over the land, labor, and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt” \l “cite_note-24” [25]
tutankhamun
(alternately spelled with Tutenkh-, -amen, -amon), Egyptian twt-ˁnḫ-ı͗mn; tVwa:t-ʕa:nəx-ʔaˡma:n (1341 BC – 1323 BC) was an Egyptian Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty (ruled 1333 BC – 1324 BC in the conventional chronology), during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom
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*sphinx*
(largest monolith statue in the world)
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥