*REIGN*
*16 JANUARY 27 BCE* – *16 AUGUST 14 CE*
*age 37* – *age 75*
(he ruled for ~38 years)
(longer than any other ‘roman emperor’)
(until his death)
(most likely of ‘natural causes’)
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‘latin’ –> imperātor caesar dīvī fīlius augustus
(’23 september 63 BCE’ – ’19 august 14 CE’)
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(born ’23 september 63 BCE’)
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(’19 august 14 CE’)
(‘age 75’)
“cause of death?”
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*GRANDSONS*
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*”augustus” was the founder of the ‘roman empire’ + its first ’emperor’*
(ruling from ’27 BCE’ until his death in ‘year 14’)
*~41 YEARS*
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*TIMELINE*
*3 SEPTEMBER 36 BCE*
(in the “Battle of Naulochus”, ‘Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa’, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the ‘Second Triumvirate’)
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*23 AUGUST 30 BCE*
(after the successful invasion of ‘Egypt’, ‘Octavian’ executes ‘Marcus Antonius Antyllus’, eldest son of ‘Mark Antony’, and ‘Caesarion’, the last king of the ‘Ptolemaic’ dynasty of ‘Egypt’ and only child of ‘Julius Caesar’ and ‘Cleopatra’)
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(octavian was not yet 33 years old)
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(founder of the roman empire)
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(he was born gaius octavius into an old + wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian ‘Octavii’ family)
(his maternal great-uncle julius caesar was assassinated in ’44 BCE’, and ‘octavius’ was named in caesar’s will as his ‘adopted son’ + ‘heir’, then known as octavianus (anglicized as octavian))
He, Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar.
Following their victory at Philippi, the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as military dictators.
The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its members.
Lepidus was driven into exile and stripped of his position, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian in 31 BC.
After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Augustus restored the outward facade of the free Republic, with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate, the executive magistrates, and the legislative assemblies.
In reality, however, he retained his autocratic power over the Republic as a military dictator.
By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate, including supreme military command, and those of tribune and censor.
It took several years for Augustus to develop the framework within which a formally republican state could be led under his sole rule.
He rejected monarchical titles, and instead called himself Princeps Civitatis (“First Citizen of the State”).
The resulting constitutional framework became known as the Principate, the first phase of the Roman Empire.
(the reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana (aka “The Roman Peace”))
The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries, despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire’s frontiers and one year-long civil war over the imperial succession.
Augustus dramatically enlarged the Empire, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia; expanding possessions in Africa; expanding into Germania; and completing the conquest of Hispania.
Beyond the frontiers, he secured the Empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy.
(he…
reformed the Roman system of taxation,
developed networks of roads with an official courier system,
established a standing army,
established the Praetorian Guard,
created official police and fire-fighting services for Rome,
and rebuilt much of the city during his reign)
(Augustus died in AD 14 at the age of 75)
(he may have died from natural causes, although there were unconfirmed rumors that his wife livia poisoned him)
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Augustus’s famous last words were, “Have I played the part well? Then applaud as I exit” (“Acta est fabula, plaudite”)—referring to the play-acting and regal authority that he had put on as emperor. Publicly, though, his last words were, “Behold, I found Rome of clay, and leave her to you of marble” (“Marmoream se relinquere, quam latericiam accepisset”). An enormous funerary procession of mourners traveled with Augustus’s body from Nola to Rome, and on the day of his burial all public and private businesses closed for the day.[213] Tiberius and his son Drusus delivered the eulogy while standing atop two rostra. Augustus’s body was coffin-bound and cremated on a pyre close to his mausoleum.
It was proclaimed that Augustus joined the company of the gods as a member of the Roman pantheon.[214]
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(he was succeeded as ’emperor’ by…)
‘tiberius’
(his adopted son)
(his stepson)
(his former ‘son-in-law’)
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥