‘atomic force micro-scopy’ (AFM) image of a PTCDA molecule, in which the 5 6-carbon rings are visible
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*as of ‘16 OCTOBER 2023’*
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*a molecule is an ‘electrically neutral’ group of 2 or more ‘atoms’ held together by ‘chemical bonds’*
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(‘molecules’ are distinguished from ‘ions’ by their lack of ‘electrical charge’)
(however, in ‘quantum physics’, ‘organic chemistry’, and ‘biochemistry’, the term molecule is often used less strictly, also being applied to ‘polyatomic ions’)
(in the ‘kinetic theory of gases’, the term molecule is often used for any ‘gaseous particle’ regardless of its ‘composition’)
(according to this definition, ‘noble gas atoms’ are considered ‘molecules’ as they are in fact ‘monoatomic molecules’)
(a molecule may be ‘homonuclear’, that is, it consists of ‘atoms’ of 1 ‘chemical element’, as with ‘oxygen’ (O2); or it may be ‘heteronuclear’, a ‘chemical compound’ composed of more than 1 element, as with water (H2O))
(‘atoms’ and ‘complexes’ connected by ‘non-covalent interactions’, such as ‘hydrogen bonds’ or ‘ionic bonds’, are generally not considered single ‘molecules’)
(‘molecules’ as components of ‘matter’ are common in ‘organic substances’ (and therefore ‘biochemistry’))
(they also make up most of the ‘oceans’ and ‘atmosphere’)
(however, the majority of familiar ‘solid substances’ on ‘earth’, including most of the ‘minerals’ that make up the ‘crust’, ‘mantle’, and ‘core’ of the ‘earth’, contain many ‘chemical bonds’, but are not made of identifiable ‘molecules’)
(also, no typical ‘molecule’ can be defined for ‘ionic crystals’ (aka ‘salts’) and ‘covalent crystals’ (aka ‘network solids’), although these are often composed of ‘repeating unit cells’ that extend either in a ‘plane’ (such as in ‘graphene’) or ‘3-dimensionally’ (such as in ‘diamond’, ‘quartz’, or ‘sodium chloride’))
(the theme of ‘repeated unit-cellular-structure’ also holds for most ‘condensed phases’ with ‘metallic bonding’, which means that ‘solid metals’ are also not made of ‘molecules’)
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(in ‘glasses’ (or ‘solids’ that exist in a ‘vitreous disordered state’), ‘atoms’ may also be held together by ‘chemical bonds’ with no presence of any definable ‘molecule’, nor any of the regularity of ‘repeating units’ that characterizes ‘crystals’)
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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👈👈👈☜*“THE 4 BASIC COMPOUND TYPES”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥