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*terms in alphaetical order*
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“extant” –> “in existence”
“extinct” –> “no longer in existence”
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(all ‘organisms’ are classified by the science of ‘alpha taxonomy’ into either ‘taxa’ or ‘clades’)
(“taxa” are ranked groups of organisms, which run from the general (domain) to the specific (species))
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(a broad scheme of ranks in hierarchical order is…)
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
SUBFAMILY
TRIBE
SUBTRIBE
GENUS
SPECIES
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(three are also “micro” categories classified with the “sub” prefix)
(to give an example, Homo sapiens is the latin binomial equating to modern “humans”)
(all members of the species sapiens are, at least in theory, genetically able to interbreed)
(several species may belong to a genus, but the members of different species within a genus are usually unable to interbreed to produce fertile offspring)
(the red wolf canis lupus rufus, however, may be a result of interbreeding between the grey wolf canis lupus and the coyote canis latrans)
(homo only has one surviving species (sapiens), homo erectus, homo neanderthalensis, etc. having become extinct thousands of years ago; some scientists argue for interbreeding between h. sapiens and h. neanderthalensis with fertile progeny)
(several genera belong to the same family and so on up the hierarchy)
(eventually, the relevant kingdom (“animalia”), in the case of humans) is placed into one of the three domains depending upon certain genetic and structural characteristics)
(all living organisms known to science are given classification by this system such that the species within a particular family are more closely related and genetically similar than the species within a particular phylum)
(since viruses are not living organisms, their classification is a challenging task)
(at first, ‘viruses’ were classified according to their hosts: ‘plant viruses’, ‘animal viruses’, ‘bacteriophages’)
(later, they were classified by the disease that they cause)
(for example: “respiratory viruses”, “enterics”)
(now, ‘viruses’ are classified based on the ‘nucleic acid content’, ‘capsid symmetry’, and the presence or absence of the ‘envelope’)
earliest shrewlike mammals through primates to hominids
An ape is any member of the Hominoidea superfamily of primates, including humans
Hominidae (anglicized hominids, also known as great apes) form a taxonomic family, including four extant genera: chimpanzees, gorillas, humans, and orangutans
Homininae is a subfamily of Hominidae, which includes humans, gorillas and chimpanzees, and some extinct human relatives; it comprises all those hominids, such as Australopithecus, that arose after the split from the other great apes
homo
homo is Latin, in the original sense of “human being”, or “man” (in the gender-neutral sense). The word “human” itself is from Latin humanus, an adjective cognate to homo, both thought to derive from a Proto-Indo-European word for “earth” reconstructed as *dhǵhem-
Archaic Homo sapiens is a loosely defined term used to describe a number of varieties of Homo, as opposed to anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens), in the period beginning 500,000 years ago. The term is typically taken to include Homo heidelbergensis, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo neanderthalensis and sometimes Homo antecessor
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥