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The first thing that happens when a MacBook receives power through a USB-C port is a communication process called “handshaking,” which is part of the USB Power Delivery (PD) protocol

This is a crucial step before any significant current is transferred

Here is a step-by-step breakdown of the process:

Initial connection:

When you plug the USB-C cable into your MacBook, an initial, low-power connection is established at a default voltage of 5V.

This is just enough power to allow the communication chips in both the MacBook and the charger to turn on

Configuration Channel (CC) communication:

The dedicated pins within the USB-C connector, called the Configuration Channel (CC) pins, are activated.

These pins facilitate the two-way communication between the Mac and the power adapter

Power Delivery (PD) negotiation:

The System Management Controller (SMC) on the MacBook “talks” to the power adapter to negotiate the correct power requirements.

This negotiation determines the optimal voltage and current for charging.

A USB-C charger can output different power levels (e.g., 5V, 9V, 15V, or 20V)

Liquid-detection check:

On recent Mac models, the operating system (macOS) performs an immediate check for liquid in the port.

If moisture is detected, the charging process is halted, and an alert is displayed to prevent corrosion and damage

Full power transfer:

Once the negotiation is complete and the safety checks have passed, the MacBook instructs the power adapter to supply the negotiated, higher-power voltage.

Only then does the full charging current flow to the MacBook’s charging circuit to power the computer and charge its battery

AI responses may include mistakes.

[1] https://www.it-tech.com.au/how-to-fix-macbook-battery-not-charging-issue/[2] https://www.scosche.com/blog/post/understanding-the-faster-charging-capability-of-usb-c[3] https://www.ecoflow.com/us/blog/65w-vs-100w-usb-c-charger-guide[4] https://www.reddit.com/r/CalDigit/comments/1glya0i/will_connecting_a_monitor_with_a_usbc_plug/[5] https://support.apple.com/en-us/120854[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB-C[7] https://support.apple.com/en-ph/guide/macbook-air/apd9b8f7aa11/mac[8] https://www.reddit.com/r/macbookair/comments/1fqlzx2/can_i_charge_a_macbook_air_with_a_100w_charger/

Yes, a MacBook draws power from its connected charger for both running the computer and charging the battery simultaneously.

The power adapter supplies the necessary electricity to the laptop’s internal components, and any excess power is directed to charge the battery, without the need to bypass the battery entirely

How it Works

Power Source:

When plugged in, the power adapter supplies power to the MacBook

Internal Power Distribution:

The laptop’s power management system first uses the incoming power to operate the computer’s various components

Battery

Charging:

Any remaining power from the adapter is then used to recharge the battery, ensuring that both functions occur at the same time

Key Points

No Battery Bypass:

Unlike some systems, a MacBook doesn’t “bypass” its battery to run;

it uses power from the adapter for both tasks simultaneously

Battery Health:

Apple’s macOS and hardware are designed to manage battery health, so it’s generally not an issue to leave a MacBook plugged in

Optimized Charging

Your Mac uses features like Optimized Battery Charging to learn your habits and manage the charging process to maintain battery health and longevity

AI responses may include mistakes.

[1] https://www.reddit.com/r/macbookair/comments/1ekfczf/about_the_macbooks_battery_bypass_charging/[2] https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/about-your-mac-laptops-power-adapter-mchlp1778/mac[3] https://www.quora.com/Does-a-Macbook-bypass-its-battery-and-only-charge-it-while-its-connected-to-a-power-adaptor-Or-further-what-is-the-best-way-to-have-a-healthy-battery-in-the-long-run-Using-M1-Macbook-Pro-if-it-will-help[4] https://www.quora.com/How-can-the-new-M1-Macbook-Pro-be-charged-using-a-different-USB-C-charger-or-outlet-Is-there-a-difference-in-the-charging-process-compared-to-using-its-own-charger[5] https://www.quora.com/I-use-my-MacBook-to-charge-my-iPhone-while-the-MacBook-is-plugged-in-to-the-outlet-will-the-MacBook-battery-be-damaged-charging-the-iPhone[6] https://macmost.com/forum/does-connecting-the-macbook-pro-to-power-all-the-time-damage-its-battery.html[7] https://discussions.apple.com/thread/8148221[8] https://discussions.apple.com/thread/252088720
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A laptop battery stores energy by converting electrical current from the charger into chemical potential energy within its internal materials, a process that involves moving electrons and ions between the anode and cathode.

When the battery needs to be used, this chemical energy is converted back into electrical energy, with electrons flowing from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit to power the laptop.

Once the battery is fully charged, the charger provides power directly to the laptop, or the charging process stops to prevent overcharging and damage.

Charging the Battery

Power Conversion:

When you plug in your laptop, the charger converts the alternating current (AC) from the wall into direct current (DC) that the laptop and battery can use.

Chemical Reactions:

This DC power initiates a chemical reaction where electrons move from the cathode to the anode, storing the energy as chemical potential energy

Ion Movement:
.
To maintain a sustainable system, ions move through the battery’s electrolyte to balance the charge as electrons move between the electrodes

Using the Battery

Chemical to Electrical Energy:

When the battery is in use, the stored chemical potential energy is converted back into electrical energy.

Electron Flow:

Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode, creating an electric current that powers the laptop’s components.

Process Continues:

This process continues until the chemical reactions can no longer occur, meaning the battery is depleted.

When Fully Charged

Bypassing the Battery:

Once the battery reaches 100% charge, the charging process stops, and the laptop’s power is supplied directly by the AC adapter.

Preventing Overcharging:

This prevents overcharging, which can degrade the battery and shorten its lifespan.

-AFTER “CURRENT” IS USED TO POWER THE [DEVICE], IT TRAVELS BACK THROUGH THE [POWER CABLE] TO THE [NEUTRAL WIRE] ON [LEFT SIDE] OF [OUTLET]-

-THIS COMPLETES THE [CIRCUIT]-

-THE [GROUND PRONG] IS A [SAFETY FEATURE] THAT DEFLECTS THE [CURRENT] AWAY FROM YOU AND TOWARDS THE “GROUND” (MEANING BACK TO YOUR [WALL OUTLET]-

-THE DEVICE HAS A [GROUNDING WIRE] DESIGNED TO DIVERT “STRAY CURRENT” BACK TO THE NEMA [GROUNDING PRONG] ON YOUR OUTLET [POWER CABLE]-

-THE [GROUNDING WIRE] IS DESIGNED TO HAVE THE LOWEST “OHM”-

(MEANING IT IS “PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE”)

(MEANING MORE [CURRENT] WILL TRAVEL THROUGH IT COMPARED TO THE OTHER “HIGHER RESISTANCE ROUTES” IN THE [ELECTRIC FIELD])

“generating station”

(‘wind’ / ‘coal’ / ‘natural gas’ / ‘water’)

(the current is sent through ‘transformers’ to increase ‘voltage’ to level required to push the power over long distances0

(the ‘electrical charge’ goes through ‘high-voltage transmission lines’ that stretch across the country)

(the ‘electrical charge’ reaches a ‘sub-station’ where ‘voltage’ is lowered so it can be sent on smaller ‘power lines’)

(the ‘electrical charge’ travels through ‘distribution lines’ to your ‘city’)

(smaller transformers reduce voltage again to make the power level safe for homes)

(these transformers are either (mounted on poles) or ‘grounded’)

(the ‘grounded transformers’ are big green boxes called ‘pad mount transformers’)

(the ‘electric charge’ reaches your house and is directed through a ‘meter’ to measure how much power you are receiving)

[from there it flows to your ‘service panel’ in (‘basement’ / ‘garage’)]

[(‘breakers’ / ‘fuses’) in the panel protect your house from being ‘overloaded’)

(DO NOT touch the ‘service panel’ as you risk electrocution)

(from the ‘service panel’, the ‘charge’ flows through wires to reach the outlets in your house)

-a steam turbine is a [device] that extracts ‘thermal energy’ from ‘pressurized steam’ and uses it to do ‘mechanical work’ on a ‘rotating output shaft’-

(its modern manifestation was invented by ‘sir charles parsons’ in ‘1884’)

(because the turbine generates ‘rotary motion’, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an ‘electrical generator’ – about 90% of all electricity generation in the ‘united states in the year ‘1996’ was by use of ‘steam turbines’)

(the ‘steam turbine’ is a form of ‘heat engine’ that derives much of its improvement in thermo-dynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal ‘reversible expansion process’)

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