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-as of [23 MARCH 2024]–
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-[google translate] is a ‘free multi-lingual neural machine translation service’ developed by ‘google’ to translate ‘text’ + ‘web-sites’ from 1 ‘language’ into another-
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It offers…
*a ‘web-site inter-face’*
*a ‘mobile app’
(for ‘android’ and iOS,
and an application programming interface that helps developers build ‘browser extensions’ + ‘software applications’
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As of October 2020, Google Translate supports 109 languages at various levels
and as of April 2016, claimed over 500 million total users, with more than 100 billion words translated daily
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Launched in April 2006 as a ‘statistical machine translation service’, it used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts to gather linguistic data.
Rather than translating languages directly, it first translates text to English and then pivots to the target language in most of the language combinations it posits in its grid
with a few exceptions (including Catalan-Spanish)
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During a translation, it looks for patterns in millions of documents to help decide on which words to choose and how to arrange them in the target language
Its accuracy, which has been criticized and ridiculed on several occasions,, has been measured to vary greatly across languages.
In November 2016, Google announced that Google Translate would switch to a neural machine translation engine – ‘Google Neural Machine Translation’ (GNMT) – which translates “whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece.
It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar”
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Originally only enabled for a few languages in 2016, GNMT is used in all 109 languages in the Google Translate roster as of October 2020,
except for the language pair between English and Latin.
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History
Google Translate is a complementary translation service developed by Google in April 2006.
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It translates multiple forms of texts and media such as…
words,
phrases
webpages.
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Originally Google Translate was released as a statistical machine translation service
Translating the required text into English before translating into the selected language was a mandatory step that it had to take
Since SMT uses predictive algorithms to translate text, it had poor grammatical accuracy.
However, Google initially did not hire experts to resolve this limitation due to the ever-evolving nature of language.
In January 2010, Google has introduced an Android app and iOS version in February 2011 to serve as a portable personal interpreter.[11]
As of February 2010, it was integrated into browsers such as Chrome and was able to pronounce the text, automatically recognize words in the picture and spot unfamiliar text and languages.
In May 2014, Google acquired Word Lens to improve the quality of visual and voice translation.
It is able to scan text or a picture with one’s device and have it translated instantly.
Moreover, the system automatically identifies foreign languages and translates speech without requiring individuals to tap the microphone button whenever speech translation is needed.
In November 2016, Google transitioned its translating method to a system called neural machine translation all the time in the world
It uses ‘deep learning techniques’ to translate whole sentences at a time, which it has measured to be more accurate between English and French, German, Spanish, and Chinese
No measurement results have been provided by Google researchers for GNMT from English to other languages, other languages to English, or between language pairs that do not include English
As of 2018, it translates more than 100 billion words a day
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Functions
‘Google Translate’ can translate multiple forms of ‘text’ + ‘media’, which includes
text
(writing)
speech
(speaking)
and text within still/moving images
(drawing)
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*specifically, its functions include…*
Written Words Translation
a function that translates written words or text to a foreign language
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Website Translation
a function that translates a whole webpage to selected languages
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Document Translation
a function that translates a document uploaded by the users to selected languages.
The documents should be in the form of:
.doc
.docx
.odf
.ppt
.pptx
.ps
.rtf
.txt
.xls
.xlsx
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Speech Translation
a function that instantly translates spoken language into the selected foreign language
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Mobile App Translation
in 2018, Google Translate has introduced its new feature called “Tap to Translate,” which made instant translation accessible inside any app without exiting or switching it
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Image Translation
a function that identifies text in a picture taken by the users and translates text on the screen instantly by images
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Handwritten Translation
a function that translates language that are handwritten on the phone screen or drawn on a virtual keyboard without the support of a keyboard
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For most of its features, Google Translate provides the pronunciation, dictionary, and listening to translation.
Additionally, Google Translate has introduced its own ‘Translate app’, so translation is available with a mobile phone in offline mode
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Features
Google Translate produces approximations across languages of multiple forms of text and media, including…
text
speech
websites
or text on display in still or live video images
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For some languages, Google Translate can synthesize speech from text,[15]
and in certain pairs it is possible to highlight specific corresponding words and phrases between the source / target text
Results are sometimes shown with dictional information below the translation box, but it is not a dictionary
and has been shown to invent translations in all languages for words it does not recognize
“is that necessarily a ‘bad’ thing?”
(the ‘translator’ probably has some good ideas)
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If “Detect language” is selected, text in an unknown language can be automatically identified
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In the web interface, users can suggest alternate translations, such as for technical terms, or correct mistakes.
These suggestions may be included in future updates to the translation process.
If a user enters a URL in the source text, Google Translate will produce a hyperlink to a machine translation of the website
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Users can save translation proposals in a “phrasebook” for later use
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For some languages, text can be entered via
an on-screen keyboard,
through handwriting recognition,
or speech recognition
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It is possible to enter searches in a source language that are first translated to a destination language allowing one to browse and interpret results from the selected destination language in the source language.
Texts written in the Greek, Devanagari, Cyrillic and Arabic scripts can be transliterated automatically from phonetic equivalents written in the Latin alphabet.
The browser version of Google Translate provides the read phonetically option for Japanese to English conversion.
The same option is not available on the paid API version
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Accent of English that the “text-to-speech” audio of Google Translate of each country uses:
British (Received Pronunciation) (female)
General American (female)
General Australian (female)
Indian (female)
No Google translate service
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Many of the more popular languages have a “text-to-speech” audio function that is able to read back a text in that language, up to a few dozen words or so.
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In the case of pluri-centric languages, the accent depends on the region:
for English, in the Americas, most of the Asia-Pacific and West Asia,
the audio uses a female General American accent
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whereas in Europe, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Guyana and all other parts of the world…
a female British (Received Pronunciation) accent is used,
except for a special General Australian accent used in Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk Island,
and an Indian English accent used in India
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for Spanish, in the Americas, a Latin American accent is used
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while in the other parts of the world, a Castilian accent is used
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for Portuguese, a São Paulo accent is used around the world,
except in Portugal, where their native accent is used instead
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for French, a Quebecois accent is used in Canada,
while in the other parts of the world, a standard European accent is used
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for Bengali, a male Bangladeshi accent is used,
except in India, where a special female Indian Bengali accent is used instead.
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Some less widely spoken languages use the open-source eSpeak synthesizer for their speech; producing a robotic, awkward voice that may be difficult to understand
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*browser integration*
Google Translate is available in some web browsers as an optional downloadable extension that can run the translation engine, which allow right-click command access to the translation service
In February 2010, Google Translate was integrated into the Google Chrome browser by default, for optional automatic webpage translation
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Mobile app
Google Translate
Google Translate logo.svg
show
Screenshot
Developer(s) Google
Initial release January 1, 2010; 10 years ago (for Android)
February 8, 2011; 9 years ago (for iOS)
Stable release(s) [±]
Android 6.5.0.RC04.292618770 / January 31, 2020; 8 months ago[31]
iOS 6.3.0 / October 3, 2019; 12 months ago[32]
Platform
Android 5.0 and later
iOS 11 and later
Size 20.74 MB (Android)
70.9 MB (iOS)
Available in 109 languages, see below
Type Statistical and neural machine translation
Website m.translate.google.com
The Google Translate app for Android and iOS supports 109 languages and can propose translations for
37 languages via photo,
32 via voice in “conversation mode”,
and 27 via live video imagery in “augmented reality mode”
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The Android app was released in January 2010, while an HTML5 web application was released for iOS users in August 2008,[34] followed by a native app on February 8, 2011.[35]
The app supports 109 languages and voice input for 45 languages.[10] It is available for devices running Android 2.1 and above and can be downloaded by searching for “Google Translate” in Google Play.
The current Google Translate app is compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch updated to iOS 7.0+.[36]
It accepts voice input for 15 languages and allows translation of a word or phrase into one of more than 50 languages.
Translations can be spoken out loud in 23 different languages.[35]
A January 2011 Android version experimented with a “Conversation Mode” that aims to allow users to communicate fluidly with a nearby person in another language.[37]
Originally limited to English and Spanish, the feature received support for 12 new languages, still in testing, the following October.[38][39]
The ‘Camera input’ functionality allows users to take a photograph of a document, signboard, etc.
Google Translate recognises the text from the image using optical character recognition (OCR) technology and gives the translation.
Camera input is not available for all languages.
In January 2015, the apps gained the ability to propose translations of physical signs in real time using the device’s camera, as a result of Google’s acquisition of the ‘Word Lens app’
The original January launch only supported 7 languages, but a July update added support for 20 new languages, with the release of a new implementation that utilizes convolutional neural networks, and also enhanced the speed and quality of Conversation Mode translations (augmented reality)
The feature was subsequently renamed’ Instant Camera’
The technology underlying Instant Camera combines image processing and optical character recognition, then attempts to produce cross-language equivalents using standard Google Translate estimations for the text as it is perceived
On May 11, 2016, Google introduced Tap to Translate for Google Translate for Android.
Upon highlighting text in an app that is in a foreign language, Translate will pop up inside of the app and offer translations
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API
On May 26, 2011, Google announced that the Google Translate API for software developers had been deprecated and would cease functioning
The Translate API page stated the reason as “substantial economic burden caused by extensive abuse” with an end date set for December 1, 2011.[49]
In response to public pressure, Google announced in June 2011 that the API would continue to be available as a paid service
Because the API was used in numerous third-party websites and apps, the original decision to deprecate it led some developers to criticize Google and question the viability of using Google APIs in their products
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Google Assistant
Google Translate also provides translations for Google Assistant and the devices that Google Assistant runs on
such as Google Home
and Pixel Buds
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Supported languages
The following 109 languages are supported by Google Translate as of October 2020
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Languages in development
These languages are not yet supported by Google Translate, but are available in the Translate Community
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Unimplemented Languages
Languages that were briefly available for people to add translations too but for reasons it was removed.
Luo
Translation methodology
In April 2006, Google Translate launched with a ‘statistical machine translation engine’
Google Translate does not apply grammatical rules, since its algorithms are based on statistical or pattern analysis rather than traditional rule-based analysis.
The system’s original creator, Franz Josef Och, has criticized the effectiveness of rule-based algorithms in favor of statistical approaches
Original versions of Google Translate were based on a method called ‘statistical machine translation’, and more specifically, on research by Och who won the DARPA contest for speed machine translation in 2003.
Och was the head of Google’s machine translation group until leaving to join Human Longevity, Inc. in July 2014
Google Translate does not translate from one language to another (L1 → L2).
Instead, it often translates first to English and then to the target language (L1 → EN → L2).[70][71][72][73][74]
However, because English, like all human languages, is ambiguous and depends on context, this can cause translation errors.
For example, translating vous from French to Russian gives vous → you → ты OR Bы/вы.[75]
If Google were using an unambiguous, artificial language as the intermediary, it would be vous → you → Bы/вы OR tu → thou → ты.
Such a suffixing of words disambiguates their different meanings. Hence, publishing in English, using unambiguous words, providing context, using expressions such as “you all” often make a better one-step translation.
The following languages do not have a direct Google translation to or from English.
These languages are translated through the indicated intermediate language (which in most cases is closely related to the desired language but more widely spoken) in addition to through English
Belarusian (be ↔ ru ↔ en ↔ other);
Catalan (ca ↔ es ↔ en ↔ other);
Galician (gl ↔ pt ↔ en ↔ other);
Haitian Creole (ht ↔ fr ↔ en ↔ other);
Korean (ko ↔ ja ↔ en ↔ other);
Slovak (sk ↔ cs ↔ en ↔ other);
Ukrainian (uk ↔ ru ↔ en ↔ other);[74]
Urdu (ur ↔ hi ↔ en ↔ other).
According to Och, a solid base for developing a usable ‘statistical machine translation system’ for a new pair of languages from scratch would consist of a ‘bi-lingual text corpus’ (or parallel collection) of more than 150-200 million words, and 2 monolingual corpora each of more than a billion words
Statistical models from these data are then used to translate between those languages.
To acquire this huge amount of linguistic data, Google used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts
The UN typically publishes documents in all 6 official UN languages, which has produced a very large 6-language corpus.
When Google Translate generates a translation proposal, it looks for patterns in hundreds of millions of documents to help decide on the best translation.
By detecting patterns in documents that have already been translated by human translators, Google Translate makes informed guesses (AI) as to what an appropriate translation should be
Before October 2007, for languages other than Arabic, Chinese and Russian, Google Translate was based on SYSTRAN, a software engine which is still used by several other online translation services such as Babel Fish (now defunct).
From October 2007, Google Translate used proprietary, in-house technology based on statistical machine translation instead, before transitioning to ‘neural machine translation’
Google has crowdsourcing features for volunteers to be a part of its “Translate Community”, intended to help improve Google Translate’s accuracy.[82][83][84]
In August 2016, a Google Crowdsource app was released for Android users, in which translation tasks are offered
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There are 3 ways to contribute…
1
First, Google will show a phrase that one should type in the translated version
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2
Second, Google will show a proposed translation for a user to agree, disagree, or skip
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3
Third, users can suggest translations for phrases where they think they can improve on Google’s results.
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Tests in 44 languages show that the “suggest an edit” feature led to an improvement in a maximum of 40% of cases over four years, while analysis across the board shows that Google’s crowd procedures often lock in erroneous translations
Statistical machine translation
Although, Google deployed a new system called neural machine translation for better quality translation, there are languages that still use the traditional translation method called statistical machine translation.
It is a rule-based translation method that utilizes predictive algorithms to guess ways to translate texts in foreign languages.
It aims to translate whole phrases rather than single words then gather overlapping phrases for translation.
Moreover, it also analyzes bilingual text corpora to generate statistical model that translates texts from one language to another
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Google Neural Machine Translation
In September 2016, a research team at Google led by the software engineer Harold Gilchrist announced the development of the Google Neural Machine Translation system (GNMT) to increase fluency and accuracy in Google Translate[2][89] and in November announced that Google Translate would switch to GNMT.
Google Translate’s neural machine translation system uses a large end-to-end artificial neural network that attempts to perform deep learning,[2][90] in particular, long short-term memory networks.[91][92][14][93]
GNMT improves the quality of translation over SMT in some instances because it uses an example-based machine translation (EBMT) method in which the system “learns from millions of examples.”
According to Google researchers, it translates “whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece.
It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar”
GNMT’s “proposed architecture” of “system learning” has been implemented on over a hundred languages supported by Google Translate.
With the end-to-end framework, Google states but does not demonstrate for most languages that “the system learns over time to create better, more natural translations.”[2]
The GNMT network attempts interlingual machine translation, which encodes the “semantics of the sentence rather than simply memorizing phrase-to-phrase translations”,[90][72] and the system did not invent its own universal language, but uses “the commonality found in between many languages”.[94]
GNMT was first enabled for 8 languages:
to and from English
and
Chinese,
French,
German,
Japanese,
Korean,
Portuguese,
Spanish
Turkish
.
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In March 2017, it was enabled for
Hindi,
Russian
and Vietnamese
followed in ‘april 2007’ by
Bengali,
Gujarati,
Indonesian,
Kannada,
Malayalam,
Marathi,
Punjabi,
Tamil
‘telugu’
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Accuracy
Google Translate is not as reliable as human translation.
When text is well-structured, written using formal language, with simple sentences, relating to formal topics for which training data is ample, it often produces conversions similar to human translations between English and a number of high-resource languages
Accuracy decreases for those languages when fewer of those conditions apply,
for example when sentence length increases
or the text uses familiar or literary language.
For many other languages vis-à-vis English, it can produce the gist of text in those formal circumstances.[98]
Human evaluation from English to all 102 languages shows that the main idea of a text is conveyed more than 50% of the time for 35 languages.
For 67 languages, a minimally comprehensible result is not achieved 50% of the time or greater
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A few studies have evaluated ‘english’ conversion from…
Chinese
French
German
Spanish
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but no systematic human evaluation has been conducted from most Google Translate languages to English.
Speculative language-to-language scores extrapolated from ‘English’-to-other measurements indicate that Google Translate will produce translation results that convey the gist of a text from one language to another more than half the time in about 1% of language pairs, where neither language is English
When used as a dictionary to translate single words, Google Translate is highly inaccurate because it must guess between polysemic words.
Among the top 100 words in the English language, which make up more than 50% of all written English, the average word has more than 15 senses,[101][circular reference][
which makes the odds against a correct translation about 15 to 1 if each sense maps to a different word in the target language.
Most common English words have at least two senses, which produces 50/50 odds in the likely case that the target language uses different words for those different senses.
The odds are similar from other languages to English.
Google Translate makes statistical guesses that raise the likelihood of producing the most frequent sense of a word, with the consequence that an accurate translation will be unobtainable in cases that do not match the majority or plurality corpus occurrence.
The accuracy of single-word predictions has not been measured for any language.
Because almost all non-English language pairs pivot through English, the odds against obtaining accurate single-word translations from one non-English language to another can be estimated by multiplying the number of senses in the source language with the number of senses each of those terms have in English.
When Google Translate does not have a word in its vocabulary, it makes up a result as part of its algorithm
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Limitations
Google Translate, like other automatic translation tools, has its limitations.
The service limits the number of paragraphs and the range of technical terms that can be translated, and while it can help the reader understand the general content of a foreign language text, it does not always deliver accurate translations, and most times it tends to repeat verbatim the same word it’s expected to translate.
Grammatically, for example, Google Translate struggles to differentiate between imperfect and perfect aspects in Romance languages so habitual and continuous acts in the past often become single historical events.
Although seemingly pedantic, this can often lead to incorrect results (to a native speaker of for example French and Spanish) which would have been avoided by a human translator.
Knowledge of the subjunctive mood is virtually non-existent
Moreover, the formal second person (vous) is often chosen, whatever the context or accepted usage.[104]
Since its English reference material contains only “you” forms, it has difficulty translating a language with “you all” or formal “you” variations.
Due to differences between languages in investment, research, and the extent of digital resources, the accuracy of Google Translate varies greatly among languages.[13]
Some languages produce better results than others.
Most languages from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, tend to score poorly in relation to the scores of many well-financed European languages, with Afrikaans and Chinese being the high-scoring exceptions from their continents.[8][105]
No languages indigenous to Australia or the Americas are included within Google Translate.
Higher scores for European can be partially attributed to the Europarl Corpus, a trove of documents from the European Parliament that have been professionally translated by the mandate of the European Union into as many as 21 languages.
A 2010 analysis indicated that French to English translation is relatively accurate,[106] and 2011 and 2012 analyses showed that Italian to English translation is relatively accurate as well.[107][108]
However, if the source text is shorter, rule-based machine translations often perform better;
this effect is particularly evident in Chinese to English translations.
While edits of translations may be submitted, in Chinese specifically one cannot edit sentences as a whole.
Instead, one must edit sometimes arbitrary sets of characters, leading to incorrect edits.[106]
A good example is Russian-to-English.
Formerly one would use Google Translate to make a draft and then use a dictionary and common sense to correct the numerous mistakes.
As of early 2018, Translate is sufficiently accurate to make the Russian Wikipedia accessible to those who can read English.
The quality of Translate can be checked by adding it as an extension to Chrome or Firefox and applying it to the left language links of any Wikipedia article.
It can be used as a dictionary by typing in words.
One can translate from a book by using a scanner and an OCR like Google Drive, but this takes about five minutes per page.
In its Written Words Translation function, there is a word limit on the amount of text that can be translated at once.[15]
Therefore, long text should be transferred to a document form and translated through its Document Translate function
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Moreover, like all ‘machine translation programs’, Google Translate struggles with…
polysemy
(the multiple meanings a word may have)
multi-word expressions
(terms that have meanings that cannot be understood or translated by analyzing the individual word units that compose them)
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A word in a foreign language might have 2 different meanings in the translated language.
This might lead to mistranslations.
Additionally, grammatical errors remain a major limitation to the accuracy of Google Translate
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Open-source licenses and components
Language WordNet License
Albanian Albanet CC-BY 3.0/GPL 3
Arabic Arabic Wordnet CC-BY-SA 3
Catalan Multilingual Central Repository CC-BY-3.0
Chinese Chinese Wordnet Wordnet
Danish Dannet Wordnet
English Princeton Wordnet Wordnet
Finnish FinnWordnet Wordnet
French WOLF (WOrdnet Libre du Français) CeCILL-C
Galician Multilingual Central Repository CC-BY-3.0
Hebrew Hebrew Wordnet Wordnet
Hindi IIT Bombay Wordnet Indo Wordnet
Indonesian Wordnet Bahasa MIT
Italian MultiWordnet CC-BY-3.0
Japanese Japanese Wordnet Wordnet
Javanese Javanese Wordnet Wordnet
Malay Wordnet Bahasa MIT
Norwegian Norwegian Wordnet Wordnet
Persian Persian Wordnet Free to Use
Polish plWordnet Wordnet
Portuguese OpenWN-PT CC-BY-SA-3.0
Spanish Multilingual Central Repository CC-BY-3.0
Thai Thai Wordnet Wordnet
Reviews
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Shortly after launching the translation service for the first time, Google won an international competition for ‘English–Arabic’ and English–Chinese machine translation
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Translation mistakes and oddities
Since Google Translate used statistical matching to translate, translated text can often include apparently nonsensical and obvious errors,[113] sometimes swapping common terms for similar but nonequivalent common terms in the other language,[114] or inverting sentence meaning.
Novelty websites like Bad Translator and Translation Party have utilized the service to produce humorous text by translating back and forth between multiple languages, similar to the children’s game telephone
If the app tries to translate Monty Python’s “The Funniest Joke in the World” into English, the service returns the message “[FATAL ERROR]”
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court usage
In 2017, Google Translate was used during a court hearing when court officials at Teesside Magistrates’ Court failed to book an interpreter for the Chinese defendant
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See also
References
^ Jump up to: a b c Orch, Franz (April 28, 2006). “Statistical machine translation live”. Google Research Blog. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Turovsky, Barak (November 15, 2016). “Found in translation: More accurate, fluent sentences in Google Translate”. The Keyword Google Blog. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
^ “Translations Made Simple: The Usefulness of Translation Apps”. April 8, 2020. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
^ Turovsky, Barak (April 28, 2016). “Ten years of Google Translate”. Google Translate Blog. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “How GT Pivots through English”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “Catalan to Spanish Translations”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
^ Hofstadter, Douglas (January 30, 2018). “The Shallowness of Google Translate”. The Atlantic. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
^ Jump up to: a b c Benjamin, Martin (2019). “Source data for Teach You Backwards: An In-Depth Study of Google Translate for 103 Languages”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
^ “Found in translation: More accurate, fluent sentences in Google Translate”. Google. November 15, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
^ Jump up to: a b c “See which features work with each language”. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sommerlad, Joe (June 19, 2018). “Google Translate: How does the search giant’s multilingual interpreter actually work?”. INDEPENDENT. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Petrovan, Bogdan (January 14, 2015). “Google Translate just got smarter: Word Lens and instant voice translations in latest update”. Android Authority. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e McGuire, Nick (July 26, 2018). “How accurate is Google Translate in 2018?”. ARGO Translation. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Google’s Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation (26 Sep 2016): Yonghui Wu, Mike Schuster, Zhifeng Chen, Quoc V. Le, Mohammad Norouzi, Wolfgang Macherey, Maxim Krikun, Yuan Cao, Qin Gao, Klaus Macherey, Jeff Klingner, Apurva Shah, Melvin Johnson, Xiaobing Liu, Łukasz Kaiser, Stephan Gouws, Yoshikiyo Kato, Taku Kudo, Hideto Kazawa, Keith Stevens, George Kurian, Nishant Patil, Wei Wang, Cliff Young, Jason Smith, Jason Riesa, Alex Rudnick, Oriol Vinyals, Greg Corrado, Macduff Hughes, Jeffrey Dean. https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.08144
^ Jump up to: a b c d “Translate written words”. Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c “Translate webpages & documents”. Google Inc. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b “Translate by speech”. Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c “About – Google Translate”. Google Translate. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
^ “Translate images”. Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b “Translate with handwriting or virtual keyboard”. Google Translate Help. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
^ “Google Translate Help”. Google Inc. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “When and How to Use Google Translate”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
^ Jump up to: a b Benjamin, Martin (2019). “Ooga Booga: Better than a Dictionary”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
^ “Save translations in a phrasebook”. Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ “Search Add-ons :: Add-ons for Firefox”. addons.mozilla.org. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
^ “Google Translate”. Chrome Web Store. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
^ Baldwin, Roberto (October 16, 2014). “Google introduces Google Translate Chrome Extension for inline translations of text”. The Next Web. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ Brinkmann, Martin (February 7, 2010). “Google Translate Integrated in Google Chrome 5”. Ghacks.net. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
^ Google Chrome 5 features an integrated Google Translate service Archived July 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine February 15, 2010. stuff.techwhack.com
^ Wauters, Robin (February 14, 2010). “Rant: Google Translate Toolbar In Chrome 5 Needs An ‘Off’ Button”. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ “Google Translate APKs”. APKMirror. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
^ “Google Translate”. App Store. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
^ Setalvad, Ariha (July 29, 2015). “Google Translate adds 20 new languages to video text translation”. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Hutchison, Allen (August 7, 2008). “Google Translate now for iPhone”. Google Mobile Blog. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Zhu, Wenzhang (February 8, 2011). “Introducing the Google Translate app for iPhone”. Official Google Blog. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ “Google Translate on iTunes”. Google. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ Hachman, Mark (January 12, 2011). “Google Translate’s New ‘Conversation Mode’: Hands On”. PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ Ryan Kim (October 13, 2011). “Google Translate conversation mode expands to 14 languages”. GigaOM.
^ Velazco, Chris (October 13, 2011). “Google Translate For Android Gets Upgraded “Conversation Mode””. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ Turovsky, Barak (January 14, 2015). “Hallo, hola, olá to the new, more powerful Google Translate app”. Official Google Blog. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Russell, Jon (January 14, 2015). “Google Translate Now Does Real-Time Voice And Sign Translations On Mobile”. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ Turovsky, Barak (July 29, 2015). “See the world in your language with Google Translate”. Official Google Blog. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Good, Otavio (July 29, 2015). “How Google Translate squeezes deep learning onto a phone”. Google Research Blog. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Gush, Andrew (July 29, 2015). “Google Translate adds video translation support for 25 more languages”. Android Authority. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ Olanoff, Drew (July 29, 2015). “Google Translate’s App Now Instantly Translates Printed Text In 27 Languages”. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “Instant Camera Translation”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (May 11, 2016). “Google Translate now works inside any app on Android”. The Verge. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Feldman, Adam (May 26, 2011). “Spring cleaning for some of our APIs”. Official Google Code Blog. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
^ “Google Translate API (Deprecated)”. Google Code. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
^ “Google cancels plan to shutdown Translate API. To start charging for translations”. June 4, 2011. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
^ Wong, George (May 27, 2011). “Google gets rid of APIs for Translate and other services”. UberGizmo. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
^ Burnette, Ed (May 27, 2011). “Google pulls the rug out from under web service API developers, nixes Google Translate and 17 others”. ZDNet. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
^ Henderson, Fergus (November 5, 2010). “Giving a voice to more languages on Google Translate”. Google Blog. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
^ “Five more languages on Google Translate”. Google Translate Blog. May 13, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
^ Jakob Uszkoreit, Ingeniarius Programmandi (September 30, 2010). “Veni, Vidi, Verba Verti”. Google Blog. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
^ SVOX Archived December 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ “Google Translate welcomes you to the Indic web”. Google Translate Blog.
^ Google Translate Blog: Tutmonda helplingvo por ĉiuj homoj
^ Brants, Thorsten (September 13, 2012). “Translating Lao”. Google Translate Blog. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
^ Crum, Chris (September 13, 2012). “Google Adds its 65th Language to Google Translate with Lao”. WebProNews. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
^ “Google can now translate text into Sindhi, Pashto and vice versa”. Dawn. February 19, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ http://www.dailysarwan.com/editorial/گوگل-تي-سنڌي-ٻولي/ Archived May 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ http://awamiawaz.com/سنڌي-104-ٻولين-۾-ترجمو-ٿيندڙ-ٻولي-بڻجي-ويئ/[dead link]
^ “Google adds Sindhi to its translate language options | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis”. DNA India. Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. February 18, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ “Google adds Sindhi to its translate language options”. Yahoo! News. Asian News International. February 18, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ Ahmed, Ali (February 18, 2016). “Google Translate now includes Sindhi and Pashto”. Business Recorder. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ “Translate Community: Help us improve Google Translate!”.
^ Jump up to: a b Och, Franz (September 12, 2005). “Statistical Machine Translation: Foundations and Recent Advances” (PDF). Retrieved December 19, 2010.
^ “Franz Och, Ph.D., Expert in Machine Learning and Machine Translation, Joins Human Longevity, Inc. as Chief Data Scientist” (Press release). La Jolla, CA: Human Longevity, Inc. July 29, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
^ French to Russian translation translates the untranslated non-French word “obvious” from pivot (intermediate) English to Russian le mot ‘obvious’ n’est pas français → “очевидными” слово не французское
^ We pretend that this English article is German when asking Google to translate it to French. Google, because it does not find the English words in the German dictionary, leaves those words unchanged as one can show it with this spelllling misssstake. But it translates them to French nonetheless. That’s because Google translates German → English → French and that the unchanged English words undergo the second translation. The word “außergewöhnlich” however will be translated twice.
^ Jump up to: a b Boitet, Christian; Blanchon, Hervé; Seligman, Mark; Bellynck, Valérie (January 31, 2011). “MT on and for the Web” (PDF). Retrieved December 22, 2011.
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “How GT Pivots through English”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
^ Jump up to: a b “Wrong translation to Ukrainian language because going through both Russian and English”. Google. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012.
^ Google Translation mixes up “tu” and plural or polite “vous” Je vous aime. Tu es ici. You are here. → Я люблю тебя. Вы здесь. Вы здесь.
^ “Google seeks world of instant translations”. ABC News. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
^ Adams, Tim (December 19, 2010). “Can Google break the computer language barrier?”. The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ Tanner, Adam (March 28, 2007). “Google seeks world of instant translations”. Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ “Inside Google Translate”. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
^ Chitu, Alex (October 22, 2007). “Google Switches to Its Own Translation System”. Unofficial Google Blog. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Schwartz, Barry (October 23, 2007). “Google Translate Drops Systran For Home Brewed Translation”. Search Engine Land. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c “Contribute”. Google Translate. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
^ Lardinois, Frederic (July 25, 2014). “Google Wants To Improve Its Translations Through Crowdsourcing”. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
^ Summers, Nick (July 25, 2014). “Google sets up a community site to help improve Google Translate”. The Next Web. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
^ Whitwam, Ryan (August 29, 2016). “New Google Crowdsource app asks you to help with translation and text transcription a few seconds at a time”. Android Police. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
^ Shankland, Stephen (August 29, 2016). “New Crowdsource app lets you work for Google for free”. CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “Qualitative Analysis – Myth 5: Google Translate learns from its users”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
^ Lange, William (February 7, 2017). “Statistical Vs Neural Machine Translation”. United Language Group. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Le, Quoc; Schuster, Mike (September 27, 2016). “A Neural Network for Machine Translation, at Production Scale”. Google Research Blog. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Schuster, Mike; Johnson, Melvin; Thorat, Nikhil (November 22, 2016). “Zero-Shot Translation with Google’s Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System”. Google Research Blog. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
^ Sepp Hochreiter; Jürgen Schmidhuber (1997). “Long short-term memory”. Neural Computation. 9 (8): 1735–1780. doi:10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735. PMID 9377276.
^ Felix A. Gers; Jürgen Schmidhuber; Fred Cummins (2000). “Learning to Forget: Continual Prediction with LSTM”. Neural Computation. 12 (10): 2451–2471. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.55.5709. doi:10.1162/089976600300015015. PMID 11032042.
^ “An Infusion of AI Makes Google Translate More Powerful Than Ever.” Cade Metz, WIRED, Date of Publication: 09.27.16. https://www.wired.com/2016/09/google-claims-ai-breakthrough-machine-translation/
^ McDonald, Chris (January 7, 2017). “Ok slow down”. Medium. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
^ Davenport, Corbin (March 6, 2017). “Google Translate now uses neural machine translation for some languages”. Android Police. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Hager, Ryne (April 25, 2017). “Google adds Indonesian and eight new Indian languages to its neural machine translation”. Android Police. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “The 5 conditions for satisfactory approximations with Google Translate”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “Empirical Evaluation of Google Translate across 102 Languages”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “Evaluation Scores of Google Translate in 102 Languages”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “Empirical Evaluation – Non-English Pairs”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
^ Most common words in English
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “Polysemy in top 100 Oxford English Corpus words within Wiktionary”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
^ “Subjunctive Mood”. Twitter. May 15, 2013.
^ “Google Translate doesn’t really understand ‘tu’ and ‘vous’. Particularly “tu””. Reddit. December 2, 2013.
^ Freitas, Connor; Liu, Yudong (December 15, 2017). “Exploring the Differences between Human and Machine Translation”. Western Washington University: 5.
^ Jump up to: a b Ethan Shen, Comparison of online machine translation tools, archived from the original on February 10, 2011, retrieved December 15, 2010
^ Christopher Pecoraro, “Microsoft Bing Translator and Google Translate Compared for Italian to English Translation”, irventu.com, retrieved April 8, 2012
^ Christopher Pecoraro, “Microsoft Bing Translator and Google Translate Compared for Italian to English Translation (update)”, irventu.com, archived from the original on June 29, 2012, retrieved April 8, 2012
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “The Astounding Mathematics of Machine Translation – Polysemy”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
^ Benjamin, Martin (2019). “The Astounding Mathematics of Machine Translation – Party Terms”. Teach You Backwards. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
^ Rahmannia, Mia; Triyono, Sulis (May 31, 2019). “A Study of Google Translate Translations: An Error Analysis of Indonesian-to-English Texts”. Rochester, NY.
^ Nielsen, Michael (2012). Reinventing discovery: the new era of networked science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-691-14890-8.
^ Gomes, Lee (July 22, 2010). “Google Translate Tangles With Computer Learning”. Forbes. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Weinberg, Nathan (September 10, 2007). “Google Translates Ivan the Terrible as “Abraham Lincoln””. Blog News Channel. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Kincaid, Jason (August 7, 2009). “Translation Party: Tapping Into Google Translate’s Untold Creative Genius”. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Freeze, Christopher. “JokeWarfare”. Instagram. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
^ “A British court was forced to rely on Google Translate because it had no interpreter”. Business Insider. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
External links
Official website Edit this at Wikidata
Translate Community
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Google_Translate
Google Translate
Contributors to Wikimedia projects
42-53 minutes
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(March 2020)
Google Translate
Google Translate logo.svg
Screenshot of Google Translate.png
Google Translate homepage
Type of site
Neural machine translation
Available in 109 languages, see below
Owner Google
URL translate.google.com
Commercial Yes
Registration Optional
Users Over 500 million people daily
Launched April 28, 2006; 14 years ago (as statistical machine translation)[1]
November 15, 2016;
3 years ago
(as neural machine translation)
Current status
Active
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