“prosopis caldenia”
(central argentina)
.
___*TYPES*___
.
*’prosopis’ is a ‘genus’ of ‘flowering plants’ in ‘fabaceae’ (aka ‘beans’)*
.
It contains around 45 species of spiny trees and shrubs found in subtropical and tropical regions of
the Americas,
Africa,
Western Asia, and South Asia.
They often thrive in arid soil and are resistant to drought, on occasion developing extremely deep root systems. T
heir wood is usually hard, dense and durable. Their fruits are pods and may contain large amounts of sugar. The generic name means “burdock” in late Latin and originated in the Greek language.[3]
Selected species[edit]
Mesquites (southern United States, Mexico)
Prosopis glandulosa Torr. – honey mesquite; Haas (Cmiique Iitom)
Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) M.C.Johnst. – smooth mesquite
Prosopis pubescens Benth. – screwbean mesquite
Prosopis reptans Benth. – tornillo
Prosopis velutina Wooton – velvet mesquite
“Algarrobos”, bayahondas etc. (Neotropics, particularly the Gran Chaco)
Prosopis abbreviata Benth. – algarrobillo espinoso
Prosopis affinis Spreng. – nandubay, algarrobillo, espinillo, Ibopé-morotí
Prosopis alba Griseb. – algarrobo blanco; ibopé or igopé (Guaraní)
Prosopis caldenia Burkart – caldén
Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz – algarrobo Chileno, algarrobo blanco
Prosopis fiebrigii Harms
Prosopis flexuosa DC. – alpataco, algarrobo negro
Prosopis hassleri Harms
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. – bayahonda blanca, bayarone Français; kabuli kikar, vilayati babul, vilayati khejra or vilayati kikar (Hindi); trupillo or turpío (Wayuunaiki)
Prosopis kuntzei Harms ex Kuntze – itín, barba de tigre, carandá, palo mataco
Prosopis nigra (Griseb.) Hieron. – algarrobo negro, algarrobo amarillo, algarrobo dulce, algarrobo morado
Prosopis pallida (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth – American carob, huarango, kiawe (Hawaiian)
Prosopis rojasiana Burkart
Prosopis ruscifolia Griseb. – vinal
Prosopis strombulifera (Lam.) Benth. – creeping mesquite, Argentine screwbean
Prosopis tamarugo Phil. – tamarugo
African species
Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. – gele (Malinke, traditional djembe wood)
Asian species (India, mainly Rajasthan, Sri Lanka to the Arabian Peninsula)
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce – jand; ghaf (Arabic); sami or sumri (Gujarati); khejri, sangri (Rajasthani); kandi (Sindhi)
Prosopis farcta (Sol. ex Russell) J.F.Macbr.
Prosopis koelziana Burkart (Iran)
Prosopis spicigera (L.)
Formerly placed here[edit]
Acacia atramentaria Benth. (as P. astringens Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.)
Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels (as P. elephantina (Burch.) E.Mey. or P. elephantorrhiza Spreng.)
Prosopidastrum globosum (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Burkart (as P. globosa Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.)
Phytochemistry[edit]
Prosopis species have been found to contain 5-hydroxytryptamine, apigenin, isorhamnetin-3-diglucoside, l-arabinose, quercetin, tannin, and tryptamine.[4]
Prosopis species known to contain alkaloids
Prosopis alba Beta-phenethylamine and tryptamine[5]
Prosopis alpataco “Aerial parts” contain tryptamine, phenethylamine derivatives.[6]
Prosopis argentina “Aerial parts” contain tryptamine, phenethylamine derivatives.[6]
Prosopis chilensis[verification needed] “Aerial parts” contain beta-phenethylamine and derivatives plus tryptamine[6][7]
Prosopis argentina Exudate contains tryptamine, phenethylamine derivatives.[6]
Prosopis glandulosa Alkaloids in bark and roots,[4] tyramine and N-methyltyramine (a stimulant) in leaves[8]
Prosopis juliflora 5-HTP (plant) and tryptamine (plant).[9]
Prosopis nigra Harman, eleagnine, and N-acetyltryptamine[10]
Prosopis pugionata “Aerial parts” contain tryptamine, phenethylamine derivatives.[6]
Prosopis tamarugo Phenethylamine[7]
The tannins present in Prosopis species are of the pyrogallotannin and pyrocatecollic types.[11] The tannins are mainly found in the bark and wood while their concentration in the pods is low.[12]
Some species, such as P. africana or P. velutina, produce a gum (mesquite gum).[13]
As an introduced and invasive species[edit]
The species Prosopis pallida was introduced to Hawaii in 1828 and now dominates many of the drier coastal parts of the islands, where it is called the kiawe tree and is a prime source of monofloral honey production.[14]
In Australia, invasive Prosopis species are causing severe economic and environmental damage. With their thorns and many low branches, Prosopis shrubs form impenetrable thickets which prevent cattle from accessing watering holes, etc. They also take over pastoral grasslands and suck up scarce water. Prosopis species cause land erosion due to loss of grassland that are habitats for native plants and animals. Prosopis thickets also provide shelter for feral animals such as pigs and cats.[15]
For more information on invasiveness of mesquite species, see Prosopis glandulosa and Prosopis juliflora.
Eradication[edit]
Eradicating Prosopis is difficult because the plant’s bud regeneration zone can extend down to 6 in (150 mm) below ground level;[16][17] the tree can regenerate from a piece of root left in the soil.[16] Some herbicides are not effective or only partially effective against mesquite. Spray techniques for removal, while effective against short-term regrowth, are expensive, costing more than $70/acre ($170/hectare) in the USA. Removing large trees requires tracked equipment; costs can approach $2,000 per acre. In Australia, several techniques are used to remove Prosopis.[15]
See also[edit]
Invasive species in Australia
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ “Prosopis L.” Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-03-05. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
^ “Prosopis L.” TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. 4 M-Q. CRC Press. p. 2171. ISBN 978-0-8493-2677-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Medicinal Plants of the Southwest Archived 2007-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
^ Graziano MN, Ferraro GE, Coussio JD (December 1971). “Alkaloids of Argentine medicinal plants. II. Isolation of tyramine, beta-phenethylamine and tryptamine from Prosopis alba”. Lloydia. 34 (4): 453–4. PMID 5173440.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tapia A, Egly Feresin G, Bustos D, Astudillo L, Theoduloz C, Schmeda-Hirschmann G (July 2000). “Biologically active alkaloids and a free radical scavenger from Prosopis species”. J Ethnopharmacol. 71 (1–2): 241–6. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00171-9. PMID 10904169.
^ Jump up to: a b Luis Astudillo; Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann; Juan P Herrera; Manuel Cortés (April 2000). “Proximate composition and biological activity of Chilean Prosopis species”. J Sci Food Agric. 80 (5): 567–573. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(200004)80:5<567::AID-JSFA563>3.0.CO;2-Y. Archived from the original on 2012-12-16.
^ “Prosopis glandulosa”. www.hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
^ Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
^ Constantino Manuel Torres; David B. Repke (15 March 2006). Anadenanthera: visionary plant of ancient South America. Psychology Press. pp. 134–. ISBN 978-0-7890-2642-2.
^ P. juliflora as a source of food and medicine for rural inhabitants in Rio Grande do Norte. ROCHA, R. G. A. In: The Current State of Knowledge on Prosopis juliflora. (Eds.) M. A. Habit and J. C. Saavedra. FAO,, 1990 Rome, Italy, pages 397-403
^ Pasiecznik, N.M.; Felker, P.; Harris, P.J.C.; Harsh, L.N.; Cruz, G.; Tewari, J.C.; Cadoret, K.; Maldonado, L.J. (2001). The Prosopis juliflora—Prosopis pallida Complex: A Monograph (PDF). ISBN 978-0-905343-30-3.
^ Adikwu, MU; Ezeabasili, SI; Esimone, CO (2001). “Evaluation of the physico-chemical properties of a new polysaccharide gum from Prosopis africana”. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico. 140 (1): 40–5. PMID 11338777.
^ Prosopis pallida species info
^ Jump up to: a b “”Mesquite (Prosopis species)” Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Canberra” (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b Mesquite Info
^ The Mesquite
General references[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prosopis.
Paciecznik, N. M., Harris P. J. C., & S. J. Smith. 2003. Identifying Tropical Prosopis Species: A Field Guide. HDRA, Coventry, UK. ISBN 0-905343-34-4.
Handbook on taxonomy of Prosopis in Mexico, Peru and Chile (FAO Document Repository)
Plant Walk I: Old Main (website of the Vascular Plant Herbarium of the University of Arizona in Tucson)
Plant Walk 1 UofA
Plant Walk 2 UofA
External links[edit]
U.S. Federal Noxious Weed List (USDA)
The Prosopis Website
(Has a nice range map)
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prosopis
Prosopis
Contributors to Wikimedia projects
9-11 minutes
Prosopis
Prosopis caldenia.jpg
Prosopis caldenia, a species of central Argentina.
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Clade: Mimosoideae
Genus: Prosopis
L.[1]
Type species
Prosopis spicigera
L.[2]
Species
See text.
Synonyms
Lagonychium M. Bieb.
Strombocarpa Engelm. & Gray
Sopropis Britt. & Rose
.
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