.
-as of [3 MARCH 2024]–
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*abbreviated ‘AA’*
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*’alcoholics anonymous’ (AA) is an ‘international mutual aid fellowship’ with the stated purpose of enabling its members to “stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve ‘sobriety’*
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AA is nonprofessional, self-supporting, and apolitical.
Its only membership requirement is a desire to stop drinking
The AA program of recovery is set forth in the Twelve Steps
AA was founded in 1935 in Akron, Ohio, when one alcoholic, Bill Wilson, talked to another alcoholic, Bob Smith, about the nature of alcoholism and a possible solution.
With the help of other early members, the book Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered From Alcoholism was written in 1939.
Its title became the name of the organization and is now usually referred to as “The Big Book”
AA’s initial Twelve Traditions were introduced in 1946 to help the fellowship be stable and unified while disengaged from “outside issues” and influences
The Traditions recommend that members remain anonymous in public media, altruistically help other alcoholics, and that AA groups avoid official affiliations with other organizations.
They also advise against dogma and coercive hierarchies.
Subsequent fellowships such as Narcotics Anonymous have adapted the Twelve Steps and the Twelve Traditions to their respective primary purposes
AA membership has since spread internationally “across diverse cultures holding different beliefs and values”, including geopolitical areas resistant to grassroots movements.[8]
Close to two million people worldwide are estimated to be members of AA, as of 2016
.
History
Sobriety token or “chip”, given for specified lengths of sobriety, on the back is the Serenity Prayer.
Here green is for six months of sobriety;
purple is for nine months.
AA sprang from The Oxford Group, a non-denominational movement modeled after first-century Christianity
Some members founded the Group to help in maintaining sobriety.
“Grouper” Ebby Thacher was Wilson’s former drinking buddy who approached Wilson saying that he had “got religion”, was sober, and that Wilson could do the same if he set aside objections to religion and instead formed a personal idea of God, “another power” or “higher power”
Feeling a “kinship of common suffering” and, though drunk, Wilson attended his first Group gathering.
Within days, Wilson admitted himself to the Charles B. Towns Hospital after drinking four beers on the way—the last alcohol he ever drank.
Under the care of William Duncan Silkworth (an early benefactor of AA), Wilson’s detox included the deliriant belladonna
At the hospital, a despairing Wilson experienced a bright flash of light, which he felt to be God revealing himself
Following his hospital discharge, Wilson joined the Oxford Group and recruited other alcoholics to the Group. Wilson’s early efforts to help others become sober were ineffective, prompting Silkworth to suggest that Wilson place less stress on religion and more on “the science” of treating alcoholism. Wilson’s first success came during a business trip to Akron, Ohio, where he was introduced to Robert Smith, a surgeon and Oxford Group member who was unable to stay sober. After thirty days of working with Wilson, Smith drank his last drink on 10 June 1935, the date marked by AA for its anniversaries.[15]
The first female member Florence Rankin joined AA in March 1937,[16][17] and the first non-Protestant member, a Roman Catholic, joined in 1939.[18] The first Black AA group was established in 1945 in Washington, D.C. by Jim S., an African-American physician from Virginia.[19][20]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many AA meetings moved to online meetings using platforms such as Zoom, Google Hangouts, and conference calls. Some members expressed concerns about anonymity and security and steps were taken, including having “digital bouncers” at some online meetings.[21]
The Big Book, the Twelve Steps and the Twelve Traditions[edit]
To share their method, Wilson and other members wrote the initially-titled book, Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism,[22] from which AA drew its name. Informally known as “The Big Book” (with its first 164 pages virtually unchanged since the 1939 edition), it suggests a twelve-step program in which members admit that they are powerless over alcohol and need help from a “higher power”. They seek guidance and strength through prayer and meditation from God or a Higher Power of their own understanding; take a moral inventory with care to include resentments; list and become ready to remove character defects; list and make amends to those harmed; continue to take a moral inventory, pray, meditate, and try to help other alcoholics recover. The second half of the book, “Personal Stories” (subject to additions, removal and retitling in subsequent editions), is made of AA members’ redemptive autobiographical sketches.[23]
In 1941, interviews on American radio and favorable articles in US magazines, including a piece by Jack Alexander in The Saturday Evening Post, led to increased book sales and membership.[24] By 1946, as the growing fellowship quarreled over structure, purpose, and authority, as well as finances and publicity, Wilson began to form and promote what became known as AA’s “Twelve Traditions,” which are guidelines for an altruistic, unaffiliated, non-coercive, and non-hierarchical structure that limited AA’s purpose to only helping alcoholics on a non-professional level while shunning publicity. Eventually, he gained formal adoption and inclusion of the Twelve Traditions in all future editions of the Big Book.[6] At the 1955 conference in St. Louis, Missouri, Wilson relinquished stewardship of AA to the General Service Conference,[25] as AA grew to millions of members internationally.[26]
Organization and finances[edit]
A regional service center for Alcoholics Anonymous
AA says it is “not organized in the formal or political sense”,[26] and Bill Wilson, borrowing the phrase from anarchist theorist Peter Kropotkin, called it a “benign anarchy”.[27] In Ireland, Shane Butler said that AA “looks like it couldn’t survive as there’s no leadership or top-level telling local cumanns what to do, but it has worked and proved itself extremely robust”. Butler explained that “AA’s ‘inverted pyramid’ style of governance has helped it to avoid many of the pitfalls that political and religious institutions have encountered since it was established here in 1946.”[28]
In 2018, AA counted 2,087,840 members and 120,300 AA groups worldwide.[26] The Twelve Traditions informally guide how individual AA groups function, and the Twelve Concepts for World Service guide how the organization is structured globally.[29]
A member who accepts a service position or an organizing role is a “trusted servant” with terms rotating and limited, typically lasting three months to two years and determined by group vote and the nature of the position. Each group is a self-governing entity with AA World Services acting only in an advisory capacity. AA is served entirely by alcoholics, except for seven “nonalcoholic friends of the fellowship” of the 21-member AA Board of Trustees.[26]
AA groups are self-supporting, relying on voluntary donations from members to cover expenses.[26] The AA General Service Office (GSO) limits contributions to US$3,000 a year.[30] Above the group level, AA may hire outside professionals for services that require specialized expertise or full-time responsibilities.[6]
Like individual groups, the GSO is self-supporting. AA receives proceeds from books and literature that constitute more than 50% of the income for its General Service Office.[31] In keeping with AA’s Seventh Tradition, the Central Office is fully self-supporting through the sale of literature and related products, and through the voluntary donations of AA members and groups. It does not accept donations from people or organizations outside of AA.
In keeping with AA’s Eighth Tradition, the Central Office employs special workers who are compensated financially for their services, but their services do not include traditional “12th Step” work of working with alcoholics in need.[32] All 12th Step calls that come to the Central Office are handed to sober AA members who have volunteered to handle these calls. It also maintains service centers, which coordinate activities such as printing literature, responding to public inquiries, and organizing conferences. Other International General Service Offices (Australia, Costa Rica, Russia, etc.) are independent of AA World Services in New York.[33]
Program[edit]
AA’s program extends beyond abstaining from alcohol.[34] Its goal is to effect enough change in the alcoholic’s thinking “to bring about recovery from alcoholism”[35] through “an entire psychic change,” or spiritual awakening.[36] A spiritual awakening is meant to be achieved by taking the Twelve Steps,[37] and sobriety is furthered by volunteering for AA[38] and regular AA meeting attendance[39] or contact with AA members.[37] Members are encouraged to find an experienced fellow alcoholic, called a sponsor, to help them understand and follow the AA program. The sponsor should preferably have experience of all twelve of the steps, be the same sex as the sponsored person, and refrain from imposing personal views on the sponsored person.[38] Following the helper therapy principle, sponsors in AA may benefit from their relationship with their charges, as “helping behaviors” correlate with increased abstinence and lower probabilities of binge drinking.[40]
AA’s program is an inheritor of Counter-Enlightenment philosophy. AA shares the view that acceptance of one’s inherent limitations is critical to finding one’s proper place among other humans and God. Such ideas are described as “Counter-Enlightenment” because they are contrary to the Enlightenment’s ideal that humans have the capacity to make their lives and societies a heaven on earth using their own power and reason.[34] After evaluating AA’s literature and observing AA meetings for sixteen months, sociologists David R. Rudy and Arthur L. Greil found that for an AA member to remain sober a high level of commitment is necessary. This commitment is facilitated by a change in the member’s worldview. To help members stay sober AA must, they argue, provide an all-encompassing worldview while creating and sustaining an atmosphere of transcendence in the organization. To be all-encompassing AA’s ideology places an emphasis on tolerance rather than on a narrow religious worldview that could make the organization unpalatable to potential members and thereby limit its effectiveness. AA’s emphasis on the spiritual nature of its program, however, is necessary to institutionalize a feeling of transcendence. A tension results from the risk that the necessity of transcendence, if taken too literally, would compromise AA’s efforts to maintain a broad appeal. As this tension is an integral part of AA, Rudy and Greil argue that AA is best described as a quasi-religious organization.[41]
Meetings[edit]
AA meetings are “quasi-ritualized therapeutic sessions run by and for, alcoholics”.[42] They are usually informal and often feature discussions with voluntary donations collected during meetings. (AA’s 7th tradition encourages groups to be self-supporting, declining outside contributions).[6] Local AA directories list weekly meetings. Those listed as “closed” are available to those with a self-professed “desire to stop drinking,” which cannot be challenged by another member on any grounds.[6] “Open” meetings are available to anyone (nonalcoholics can attend as observers).[43] At speaker meetings (also known as gratitude meetings), one or more members who typically come in from a neighboring town’s meeting tell their stories. At Big Book meetings, the group in attendance will take turns reading a passage from the AA Big Book and then discuss how they relate to it after. At twelve step meetings, the group will typically break out into subgroups depending on where they are in their program and start working on the twelve steps outlined in the program. In addition to those three most common types of meetings, there are also other kinds of discussion meetings which tend to allocate the most time for general discussion.[44]
Building for Spanish-speaking AA group in Westlake neighborhood, Los Angeles
AA meetings do not exclude other alcoholics, though some meetings cater to specific demographics such as gender, profession, age, sexual orientation,[45][46] or culture.[47][48] Meetings in the United States are held in a variety of languages including Armenian, English, Farsi, Finnish, French, Japanese, Korean, Russian, and Spanish.[49][46] While AA has pamphlets that suggest meeting formats,[50][51] groups have the autonomy to hold and conduct meetings as they wish “except in matters affecting other groups or AA as a whole”.[6] Different cultures affect ritual aspects of meetings, but around the world “many particularities of the AA meeting format can be observed at almost any AA gathering”.[52]
Confidentiality[edit]
US courts have not extended the status of privileged communication, such as that enjoyed by clergy and lawyers, to AA related communications between members.[53][54]
Spirituality[edit]
A study found an association between an increase in attendance at AA meetings with increased spirituality and a decrease in the frequency and intensity of alcohol use. The research also found that AA was effective at helping agnostics and atheists become sober. The authors concluded that though spirituality was an important mechanism of behavioral change for some alcoholics, it was not the only effective mechanism.[55] Since the mid-1970s, a number of ‘agnostic’ or ‘no-prayer’ AA groups have begun across the U.S., Canada, and other parts of the world, which hold meetings that adhere to a tradition allowing alcoholics to freely express their doubts or disbelief that spirituality will help their recovery, and these meetings forgo use of opening or closing prayers.[56][57] There are online resources listing AA meetings for atheists and agnostics.[58]
Disease concept of alcoholism[edit]
More informally than not, AA’s membership has helped popularize the disease concept of alcoholism which had appeared in the eighteenth century.[59] Though AA usually avoids the term “disease”, 1973 conference-approved literature said “we had the disease of alcoholism.”[60] Regardless of official positions, since AA’s inception, most members have believed alcoholism to be a disease.[61]
AA’s Big Book calls alcoholism “an illness which only a spiritual experience will conquer.” Ernest Kurtz says this is “The closest the book Alcoholics Anonymous comes to a definition of alcoholism.”[61] Somewhat divergently in his introduction to The Big Book, non-member and early benefactor William Silkworth said those unable to moderate their drinking suffer from an allergy. In presenting the doctor’s postulate, AA said “The doctor’s theory that we have an allergy to alcohol interests us. As laymen, our opinion as to its soundness may, of course, mean little. But as ex-problem drinkers, we can say that his explanation makes good sense. It explains many things for which we cannot otherwise account.”[62] AA later acknowledged that “alcoholism is not a true allergy, the experts now inform us.”[63] Wilson explained in 1960 why AA had refrained from using the term “disease”:
We AAs have never called alcoholism a disease because, technically speaking, it is not a disease entity. For example, there is no such thing as heart disease. Instead there are many separate heart ailments or combinations of them. It is something like that with alcoholism. Therefore, we did not wish to get in wrong with the medical profession by pronouncing alcoholism a disease entity. Hence, we have always called it an illness or a malady—a far safer term for us to use.[64]
Since then medical and scientific communities have generally concluded that alcoholism is an “addictive disease” (aka Alcohol Use Disorder, Severe, Moderate, or Mild).[65] The ten criteria are: alcoholism is a Primary Illness not caused by other illnesses nor by personality or character defects; second, an addiction gene is part of its etiology; third, alcoholism has predictable symptoms; fourth, it is progressive, becoming more severe even after long periods of abstinence; fifth, it is chronic and incurable; sixth, alcoholic drinking or other drug use persists in spite of negative consequences and efforts to quit; seventh, brain chemistry and neural functions change so alcohol is perceived as necessary for survival; eighth, it produces physical dependence and life-threatening withdrawal; ninth, it is a terminal illness; tenth, alcoholism can be treated and can be kept in remission.[66]
Canadian and United States demographics[edit]
AA’s New York General Service Office regularly surveys AA members in North America. Its 2014 survey of over 6,000 members in Canada and the United States concluded that, in North America, AA members who responded to the survey were 62% male and 38% female.[67]
Average member sobriety is slightly under 10 years with 36% sober more than ten years, 13% sober from five to ten years, 24% sober from one to five years, and 27% sober less than one year.[67] Before coming to AA, 63% of members received some type of treatment or counseling, such as medical, psychological, or spiritual. After coming to AA, 59% received outside treatment or counseling. Of those members, 84% said that outside help played an important part in their recovery.[67]
The same survey showed that AA received 32% of its membership from other members, another 32% from treatment facilities, 30% were self-motivated to attend AA, 12% of its membership from court–ordered attendance, and only 1% of AA members decided to join based on information obtained from the Internet. People taking the survey were allowed to select multiple answers for what motivated them to join AA.[67]
Effectiveness[edit]
Studies of AA’s efficacy have produced inconsistent results. While some studies have suggested an association between AA attendance and increased abstinence or other positive outcomes,[68][69][70][71][72] other studies have not.[73][74][75]
The Surgeon General of the United States 2016 Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health states “Well-supported scientific evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of twelve-step mutual aid groups focused on alcohol and twelve-step facilitation interventions.”[76]
Relationship with institutions[edit]
Hospitals[edit]
Many AA meetings take place in treatment facilities. Carrying the message of AA into hospitals was how the co-founders of AA first remained sober. They discovered great value in working with alcoholics who are still suffering, and that even if the alcoholic they were working with did not stay sober, they did.[77][78][79] Bill Wilson wrote, “Practical experience shows that nothing will so much insure immunity from drinking as intensive work with other alcoholics”.[80] Bill Wilson visited Towns Hospital in New York City in an attempt to help the alcoholics who were patients there in 1934. At St. Thomas Hospital in Akron, Ohio, Smith worked with still more alcoholics. In 1939, a New York mental institution, Rockland State Hospital, was one of the first institutions to allow AA hospital groups. Service to corrections and treatment facilities used to be combined until the General Service Conference, in 1977, voted to dissolve its Institutions Committee and form two separate committees, one for treatment facilities, and one for correctional facilities.[81]
Prisons[edit]
In the United States and Canada, AA meetings are held in hundreds of correctional facilities. The AA General Service Office has published a workbook with detailed recommendations for methods of approaching correctional-facility officials with the intent of developing an in-prison AA program.[82] In addition, AA publishes a variety of pamphlets specifically for the incarcerated alcoholic.[83] Additionally, the AA General Service Office provides a pamphlet with guidelines for members working with incarcerated alcoholics.[84]
United States court rulings[edit]
United States courts have ruled that inmates, parolees, and probationers cannot be ordered to attend AA. Though AA itself was not deemed a religion, it was ruled that it contained enough religious components (variously described in Griffin v. Coughlin below as, inter alia, “religion”, “religious activity”, “religious exercise”) to make coerced attendance at AA meetings a violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the constitution.[85][86] In 2007, the Ninth Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals stated that a parolee who was ordered to attend AA had standing to sue his parole office.[87][88]
American treatment industry[edit]
In 1939, High Watch Recovery Center in Kent, Connecticut, was founded by Bill Wilson and Marty Mann. Sister Francis who owned the farm tried to gift the spiritual retreat for alcoholics to Alcoholics Anonymous, however citing the sixth tradition Bill W. turned down the gift but agreed to have a separate non-profit board run the facility composed of AA members. Bill Wilson and Marty Mann served on the High Watch board of directors for many years. High Watch was the first and therefore the oldest 12-step-based treatment center in the world still operating today.
In 1949, the Hazelden treatment center was founded and staffed by AA members, and since then many alcoholic rehabilitation clinics have incorporated AA’s precepts into their treatment programs.[89] 32% of AA’s membership was introduced to it through a treatment facility.[67]
United Kingdom treatment industry[edit]
A cross-sectional survey of substance-misuse treatment providers in the West Midlands found fewer than 10% integrated twelve-step methods in their practice and only a third felt their consumers were suited for Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous membership. Less than half were likely to recommend self-help groups to their clients. Providers with nursing qualifications were more likely to make such referrals than those without them. A statistically significant correlation was found between providers’ self-reported level of spirituality and their likelihood of recommending AA or NA.[90]
Criticism[edit]
Thirteenth-stepping[edit]
“Thirteenth-stepping” is a pejorative term for AA members approaching new members for dates. A study in the Journal of Addiction Nursing sampled 55 women in AA and found that 35% of these women had experienced a “pass” and 29% had felt seduced at least once in AA settings. This has also happened with new male members who received guidance from older female AA members, in pursuit of sexual company. The authors suggest that both men and women need to be prepared for this behavior or find male-only or female-only groups.[91] However, women report feeling safe in AA,[92] women-only meetings are a very prevalent part of AA culture, and AA has become more welcoming for women.[93] AA’s pamphlet on sponsorship suggests that men be sponsored by men and women be sponsored by women.[94]
Moderation or abstinence[edit]
Stanton Peele argued that some AA groups apply the disease model to all problem drinkers, whether or not they are “full-blown” alcoholics.[95] Along with Nancy Shute, Peele has advocated that besides AA, other options should be readily available to those problem drinkers who are able to manage their drinking with the right treatment.[96] The Big Book says “moderate drinkers” and “a certain type of hard drinker” are able to stop or moderate their drinking. The Big Book suggests no program for these drinkers, but instead seeks to help drinkers without “power of choice in drink.”[97]
Cultural identity[edit]
One review of AA warned of detrimental iatrogenic effects of twelve-step philosophy and concluded that AA uses many methods that are also used by cults.[98] A subsequent study concluded, however, that AA’s program bore little resemblance to religious cults because the techniques used appeared beneficial.[99] Another study found that the AA program’s focus on admission of having a problem increases deviant stigma and strips members of their previous cultural identity, replacing it with the deviant identity.[100] A survey of group members, however, found they had a bicultural identity and saw AA’s program as a complement to their other national, ethnic, and religious cultures.[101]
Literature [edit]
Alcoholics Anonymous publishes several books, reports, pamphlets, and other media, including a periodical known as the AA Grapevine.[102] Two books are used primarily: Alcoholics Anonymous (the “Big Book”) and Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions, the latter explaining AA’s fundamental principles in depth. The full text of each of these two books is available on the AA website at no charge.
AA in film[edit]
Films about Alcoholics Anonymous[edit]
My Name Is Bill W. – dramatized biography of co-founder Bill Wilson.[103][104]
When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story – a 2010 film about the wife of founder Bill Wilson, and the beginnings of Alcoholics Anonymous and Al-Anon.[105][106]
Bill W. – a 2011 biographical documentary film that tells the story of Bill Wilson using interviews, recreations, and rare archival material.[107][108]
Films where primary plot line includes AA[edit]
A Walk Among the Tombstones (2015), a mystery/suspense film based on Lawrence Block’s books featuring Matthew Scudder, a recovering alcoholic detective whose AA membership is a central element of the plot.[109]
When a Man Loves a Woman – an airline pilot’s wife attends AA meetings in a residential treatment facility.[110]
Clean and Sober – an addict (alcohol, cocaine) visits an AA meeting to get a sponsor.[111]
Days of Wine and Roses – a 1962 film about a married couple struggling with alcoholism. Jack Lemmon’s character attends an AA meeting in the film.[112]
Drunks – a 1995 film starring Richard Lewis as an alcoholic who leaves an AA meeting and relapses. The film cuts back and forth between his eventual relapse and the other meeting attendees.[113]
Come Back, Little Sheba – A 1952 film based on a play of the same title about a loveless marriage where the husband played by Burt Lancaster is an alcoholic who gets help from two members of the local AA chapter.[114] A 1977 TV drama was also based on the play.
I’ll Cry Tomorrow – A 1955 film about singer Lillian Roth played by Susan Hayward who goes to AA to help her stop drinking. The film was based on Roth’s autobiography of the same name detailing her alcoholism and sobriety through AA.[115][116]
You Kill Me – a 2007 crime-comedy film starring Ben Kingsley as a mob hit man with a drinking problem who is forced to accept a job at a mortuary and go to AA meetings.[117][118]
Smashed – a 2012 drama film starring Mary Elizabeth Winstead. An elementary school teacher’s drinking begins to interfere with her job, so she attempts to get sober in AA.[119]
Don’t Worry, He Won’t Get Far on Foot – a 2018 biography/comedy/drama by Gus Van Sant, based on the life of cartoonist John Callahan.[120]
The Morning After starring Dick Van Dyke as a salesman struggling with alcoholism.[citation needed]
Flight — a 2012 film starring Denzel Washington as an alcoholic airline pilot. The movie includes a dramatic representation of a prison AA meeting.[121]
AA in television[edit]
Chuck Lorre’s Mom (2013–), follows dysfunctional daughter/mother duo Christy and Bonnie Plunkett, who are estranged for years while simultaneously struggling with addiction. They attempt to pull their lives and relationships together by trying to stay sober and visiting Alcoholics Anonymous. The show also explores themes of alcoholism, drug addiction and relapse.
In Hill Street Blues, Captain Furillo (Daniel J. Travanti) is a regular member of AA and is shown several times in AA meetings.
In Grey’s Anatomy, AA plays a large role in the storylines of multiple characters. In season 6, Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.) begins struggling with alcoholism and it is revealed that he has a history of alcohol addiction. AA and maintaining sobriety become an important part of Dr. Webber’s life through out the rest of the series. Alcoholism, but more so drug addiction, is also heavily featured in the spin-off series Private Practice. In season 4, it is revealed that both Dr. Charlotte King (KaDee Strickland) and Dr. Amelia Shepherd (Caterina Scorsone) have a history of problem drinking and narcotics addiction. This becomes main theme in season 5 when Amelia relapses and begins using again following her friend’s suicide. The season follows her relapse and recovery. When Amelia joins Grey’s in season 11, overcoming addiction remains an important part of her story line. Both series commonly discuss AA meetings, sponsors, and the “serenity prayer”.
In Aaron Sorkin’s political drama, The West Wing, the character Leo McGarry is an admitted alcoholic and drug addict. He is reluctant to attend regular AA meetings, feeling the high-profile nature of his position as Chief of Staff of the White House would encourage a media frenzy. The vice president (Tim Matheson) invites him to a “weekly poker game”, which turns out to be a secret AA meeting known only to those invited.
In CBS’ Elementary, Jonny Lee Miller plays an adaptation of Sherlock Holmes who is a recovering drug addict. Several episodes are centered around AA meetings and the process of recovery.[122]
This is Us is family drama where two of the main characters are members of AA. Generational patterns of addiction are covered. Some episodes feature characters reading AA literature and attending meetings.
How to Get Away with Murder also features a main character with substance abuse issues, as a recurring theme. In later seasons, Annalise Keating is seen attending AA meetings.
See also[edit]
Al-Anon/Alateen
Calix Society
Community reinforcement approach and family training (CRAFT)
Drug addiction recovery groups
Drug rehabilitation
Group psychotherapy
List of twelve-step groups
Recovery approach
Stepping Stones (house), home of Bill W.
Washingtonian movement
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c AA Grapevine (15 May 2013), A.A. Preamble (PDF), AA General Service Office, retrieved 13 May 2017
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Gross (1 December 2010). “Alcoholics Anonymous: Still Sober After 75 Years”. American Journal of Public Health. 100 (12): 2361–2363. doi:10.2105/ajph.2010.199349. PMC 2978172. PMID 21068418.
^ Mäkelä 1996, p. 3
^ Jump up to: a b “Information on A.A.” aa.org. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ Jump up to: a b AA, “Historical Data: The Birth of A.A. and Its Growth in the U.S./Canada”, aa.org, retrieved 18 April 2019
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f “The Twelve Traditions”. The AA Grapevine. Alcoholics Anonymous. 6 (6). November 1949. ISSN 0362-2584. OCLC 50379271.
^ Chappel, JN; Dupont, RL (1999). “Twelve-Step and Mutual-Help Programs for Addictive Disorders”. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 22 (2): 425–46. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70085-X. PMID 10385942.
^ Tonigan, Scott J; Connors, Gerard J; Miller, William R (December 2000). “Special Populations in Alcoholics Anonymous” (PDF). Alcohol Health and Research World. 22 (4): 281–285. PMC 6761892. PMID 15706756.
^ Alcoholics Anonymous (April 2016). “ESTIMATES OF A.A. GROUPS AND MEMBERS AS OF JANUARY 1, 2016” (PDF). Retrieved 17 December 2016. cf. Alcoholics Anonymous (2001). Alcoholics Anonymous (PDF) (4th ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. p. xxiii. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
^ Cheever, Susan (2004). My name is Bill: Bill Wilson: his life and the creation of Alcoholics Anonymous. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7432-0154-4.
^ Pass It On, 1984, p 117.
^ Kurtz 1991, p. 17.
^ Pittman, Bill “AA the Way it Began” 1988, Glenn Abbey Books
^ Kurtz 1991, p. 19–20.
^ Kurtz 1991, p. 33.
^ Anonymous (1939). Alcoholics Anonymous. New York: Works Publishing Company. p. Original Manuscript p. 217.
^ Bamuhigire, Oscar Bamwebaze (2009). Healing power of self love: enhance your chances of recovery from addiction through the. [S.l.]: Iuniverse Inc. p. x. ISBN 978-1-44010-137-3.
^ Kurtz 1991, p. 47.
^ Alcoholics Anonymous (3rd ed.). New York: AA World Services. 1976. p. 483.
^ Mustikhan, Ahmar (13 April 2015). “First black AA group to celebrate 70th anniversary today in Washington DC”. CNN. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
^ Royal, Denise (5 April 2020). “Alcoholics Anonymous members find support online during coronavirus pandemic”. CNN. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
^ “Copyright of AA Book”. gsowatch.aamo.info.
^ Anonymous, Alcoholics. “AA Big Book, preface” (PDF). Alcoholics Anonymous. Anonymous Press. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
^ Jack Alexander (1 March 1941). “Alcoholics Anonymous” (PDF). Saturday Evening Post (Reprinted in booklet form ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. ISBN 978-0-89638-199-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
^ Pass It On, 1984, p. 359
^ Jump up to: a b c d e “AA Fact File” (PDF). General Service Office of Alcoholics Anonymous. 2007.
^ Bill W. (1957). “benign+anarchy” Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age: A Brief History of A.A. Harper and Brothers. p. 224.
^ Carroll, Steven (26 March 2010). “Group avoids politics of alcohol”. The Irish Times. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
^ Wilson, Bill. “The A.A. Service Manual Combined with Twelve Concepts for World Services” (PDF). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
^ “A.A. GSO Guidelines: Finances” (PDF). Alcoholics Anonymous General Service Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
^ “GSO 2007 Operating Results”. Alcoholics Anonymous General Services Office. Archived from the original on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2009. Gross Profit from Literature ≈8,6M (57%), Contributions ~$6.5M (43%)
^ “Frequently Asked Financial Questions”. Fort Worth central office of Alcoholics Anonymous. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
^ “Alcoholics Anonymous : International General Service Offices”. Alcoholics Anonymous website. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Humphreys, Keith; Kaskutas, Lee Ann (1995). “World Views of Alcoholics Anonymous, Women for Sobriety, and Adult Children of Alcoholics/Al-Anon Mutual Help Groups”. Addiction Research & Theory. 3 (3): 231–243. doi:10.3109/16066359509005240.
^ Bill W. 2002, Appendix II, p. 567
^ Alcoholics Anonymous (4th ed.). New York: AA World Services. 2002. pp. xxix. ISBN 9781893007178.
^ Jump up to: a b “This is AA” (PDF). Alcoholics Anonymous Work Services, Inc. 1984. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Questions & Answers on Sponsorship
^ “A Newcomer Asks.” (PDF). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. 1980. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
^ Zemore, S. E.; Kaskutas, L. A. & Ammon, L. N. (August 2004). “In 12-step groups, helping helps the helper”. Addiction. 99 (8): 1015–1023. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00782.x. PMID 15265098.
^ Rudy, David R.; Greil, Arthur L. (1989). “Is Alcoholics Anonymous a Religious Organization?: Meditations on Marginality”. Sociological Analysis. 50 (1): 41–51. doi:10.2307/3710917. JSTOR 3710917.
^ Leach, Barry; Norris, John L.; Dancey, Travis; Bissell, Leclair (1969). “Dimensions of Alcoholics Anonymous: 1935–1965”. Substance Use & Misuse. 4 (4): 509. doi:10.3109/10826086909062033.
^ The A.A. Group 2016, p. 13.
^ Anonymous, Alcoholics. “SMF-177: Information on Alcoholics Anonymous” (PDF). Alcoholics Anonymous. AA World Services Inc. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
^ The A.A. Group 2016, p. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b “Find a Meeting”. Inter-Group Association of A.A. of New York. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
^ “Native American Indian General Service Office of Alcoholics Anonymous (NAIGSO-AA)”. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
^ Cf. A.A. for the Native North American (PDF), New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 2009, retrieved 29 May 2017
^ “Alcoholics Anonymous (A. A.) Meetings in Los Angeles County, California”. Alcoholics Anonymous in Staten Island, N. Y. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
^ The A.A. Group (PDF), New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 19 October 2016 [1990], retrieved 29 May 2017
^ “Suggestions For Leading Beginners Meetings” (PDF). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
^ Mäkelä 1996, p. 149–150
^ Coleman, Phyllis (December 2005). “Privilege and Confidentiality in 12-Step Self-Help Programs: Believing The Promises Could Be Hazardous to an Addict’s Freedom”. The Journal of Legal Medicine. 26 (4): 435–474. doi:10.1080/01947640500364713. ISSN 0194-7648. OCLC 4997813. PMID 16303734. S2CID 31742544.
^ Hoffman, Jan (15 June 1994). “Faith in Confidentiality of Therapy Is Shaken”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
^ Kelly, John F. et al. Spirituality in Recovery: A Lagged Mediational Analysis of Alcoholics Anonymous’ Principal Theoretical Mechanism of Behavior Change Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Vol. 35, No. 3 March 2011 pp. 1–10
^ C., Roger (November 2011). “A History of Agnsotic Groups in Alcoholics Anonymous: Part 1”. Humanist Network News. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
^ Freedman, Samuel (21 February 2014). “Alcoholics Anonymous, Without the Religion”. The New York Times. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
^ http://www.agnosticaanyc.org/worldwide.html for example is a directory of agnostic AA meetings
^ Rush, Benjamin (1805). Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind. Philadelphia: Bartam.
^ Is A.A. for You? (PDF), New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 11 January 2017, retrieved 14 May 2017[better source needed]
^ Jump up to: a b Kurtz, Ernest (2002). “Alcoholics Anonymous and the disease concept of alcoholism” (PDF). Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 20 (3–4): 5–39. doi:10.1300/j020v20n03_02. S2CID 144972034. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
^ Alcoholics Anonymous page xxx
^ Living Sober. 1975. p. 68.
^ Gately, Iain (2008). Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol. Penguin Group. p. 417. ISBN 9781592403035.
^ “Alcohol use disorder Diagnostic Criteria – Epocrates Online”.
^ Heilig, M.; Thorsell, A.; Sommer, W. H.; Hansson, A. C.; Ramchandani, V. A.; George, D. T.; Hommer, D.; Barr, C. S. (2009). “Translating the neuroscience of alcoholism into clinical treatments: From blocking the buzz to curing the blues”. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 35 (2): 334–344. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.018. PMC 2891917. PMID 19941895.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e “Alcoholics Anonymous 2014 Membership Survey” (PDF). AA World Services. 2014.
^ Humphreys; Blodgett; Wagner (2014). “Estimating the efficacy of Alcoholics Anonymous without self-selection bias: an instrumental variables re-analysis of randomized clinical trials”. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 38 (11): 2688–94. doi:10.1111/acer.12557. PMC 4285560. PMID 25421504. Lay summary.
^ Walitzer; Dermen; Barrick (2009). “Facilitating involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous during out-patient treatment: a randomized clinical trial”. Addiction. 104 (3): 391–401. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02467.x. PMC 2802221. PMID 19207347.
^ Litt; Kadden; Kabela-Cormier; Petry (2009). “Changing network support for drinking: network support project 2-year follow-up”. J Consult Clin Psychol. 77 (2): 229–42. doi:10.1037/a0015252. PMC 2661035. PMID 19309183.
^ Moos, Rudolf H.; Moos, BS (June 2006). “Participation in Treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous: A 16-Year Follow-Up of Initially Untreated Individuals”. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 62 (6): 735–750. doi:10.1002/jclp.20259. PMC 2220012. PMID 16538654.
^ Moos, Rudolf H.; Moos, BS (February 2006). “Rates and predictors of relapse after natural and treated remission from alcohol use disorders”. Addiction. 101 (2): 212–222. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01310.x. PMC 1976118. PMID 16445550.
^ Ferri M, Amato L, Davoli M. Cochrane Review. Alcoholics Anonymous. 19 July 2006
^ Ståhlbrandt, Henriettæ; Johnsson, Kent O.; Berglund, Mats (2007). “Two-Year Outcome of Alcohol Interventions in Swedish University Halls of Residence: A Cluster Randomized Trial of a Brief Skills Training Program, Twelve-Step Influenced Intervention, and Controls” (PDF). Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 31 (3): 458–66. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00327.x. PMID 17295731.
^ Terra, Mauro Barbosa; Barros, Helena Maria Tannhauser; Stein, Airton Tetelbom; Figueira, Ivan; Palermo, Luiz Henrique; Athayde, Luciana Dias; Gonçalves, Marcelo de Souza; Da Silveira, Dartiu Xavier (2008). “Do Alcoholics Anonymous Groups Really Work? Factors of Adherence in a Brazilian Sample of Hospitalized Alcohol Dependents”. American Journal on Addictions. 17 (1): 48–53. doi:10.1080/10550490701756393. PMID 18214722.
^ https://addiction.surgeongeneral.gov/sites/default/files/chapter-5-recovery.pdf Page 5-2
^ Cheever, Susan (14 June 1999). “Bill W.: The Healer”. Time Magazine. p. 201. Retrieved 12 June 2013. by helping another alcoholic, he could save himself
^ B., Dick (1997). “Turning point”. Turning Point: A History of Early A.A.’s Spiritual Roots and Successes (Volume 10 ed.). Good Book Publishing Company. p. 110. ISBN 9781885803078. Retrieved 13 May 2017. Bill went back to Towns constantly to work on alcoholics there, simply trying to help others had kept him from even thinking of drinking
^ Lois (1979). Lois remembers: memoirs of the co-founder of Al-Anon and wife of the co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (illustrated, reprint ed.). Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters. p. 95. ISBN 9780910034234. Retrieved 12 June 2013. simply trying to help other had kept him from even thinking of drinking
^ Alcoholics Anonymous (3rd ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. 1976. p. 89.
^ “Treatment Committee”. AA Area 62 (South Carolina). n.d. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
^ “Corrections Workbook” (PDF). New York: Alcoholics Anonymous Word Services, Inc. 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
^ “Corrections Catalog”. Archived from the original on 28 November 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2009. The titles include: Carrying the Message into Correctional Facilities, Where Do I Go From Here?, A.A. in Prison: Inmate to Inmate, A.A. in Correctional Facilities, It Sure Beats Sitting in a Cell, Memo to an Inmate Who May be an Alcoholic, A Message to Corrections Administrators
^ “AA Guidelines from GSO: Cooperating with Court, DWI and Similar Programs” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
^ Judge Levine (11 June 1996). “IN THE MATTER OF DAVID GRIFFIN, APPELLANT, v. THOMAS A. COUGHLIN III, AS COMMISSIONER OF THE NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONAL SERVICES, ET AL., RESPONDENTS”. Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
^ Honeymar (1997). “Alcoholics Anonymous As a Condition of Drunk Driving Probation: When Does It Amount to Establishment of Religion”. Columbia Law Review. 97 (2): 437–472. doi:10.2307/1123367. JSTOR 1123367.
^ Egelko, Bob (8 September 2007). “Appeals court says requirement to attend AA unconstitutional”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
^ Inouye v. Kemna, 504 F.3d 705, 714 n.9 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[T]he AA/NA program involved here has such substantial religious components that governmentally compelled participation in it violated the Establishment Clause.”).
^ Robertson 1988, p. 220.
^ Day, E; Gaston, RL; Furlong, E; Murali, V; Copello, A (December 2005). “United Kingdom substance misuse treatment workers’ attitudes toward 12-step self-help groups”. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 29 (4): 321–327. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2005.08.009. PMID 16311185.
^ Bogart, Cathy J.; Bogart, Cathy J. (2003). “’13th-Stepping:’ Why Alcoholics Anonymous Is Not Always a Safe Place for Women”. Journal of Addictions Nursing: A Journal for the Prevention and Management of Addictions. 14 (1): 43–47. doi:10.1080/10884600305373. ISSN 1548-7148. OCLC 34618968. S2CID 144935254.
^ Amy Gutman (12 July 2013). “No, Alcoholics Anonymous Is Not ‘Ill-Suited to Women'”. The Atlantic. The author describes her “profound uneasiness” with the characterization that Alcoholics Anonymous is a place “for vulnerable women to be preyed upon by men”
^ Sanders, Jolene M. (2010). “Acknowledging Gender in Women-Only Meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous”. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery. 5: 17–33. doi:10.1080/15560350903543766. S2CID 144776540. AA has evolved in a dialectical fashion to become more accommodating to women
^ Questions and Answers on Sponsorship, page 10. 2005.
^ Peele 1999.
^ Shute, Nancy (September 1997). “The drinking dilemma: by calling abstinence the only cure, we ensure that the nation’s $100 billion alcohol problem won’t be solved”. U.S. News & World Report. 123 (9): 54–64.
^ Alcoholics Anonymous page 20-1,24
^ Alexander, Francesa; Rollins, Michele (1985). “Alcoholics Anonymous: the unseen cult” (PDF). California Sociologist. Los Angeles: California State University. 17 (1): 33–48. ISSN 0162-8712. OCLC 4025459. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
^ Right, Kevin B. W (1997). “Shared Ideology in Alcoholics Anonymous: A Grounded Theory Approach”. Journal of Health Communication. 2 (2): 83–99. doi:10.1080/108107397127806. PMID 10977242.
^ Levinson, D. (1983). Galanter, Marc (ed.). “Current status of the field: An anthropological perspective on the behavior modification treatment of alcoholism”. Recent Developments in Alcoholism. New York: Plenum Press. 1: 255–261. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3617-4_14. ISBN 978-1-4613-3619-8. ISSN 0738-422X. PMID 6680227.
^ Wilcox 1998, p. 109–124.
^ A WorldCat search for materials authored by Alcoholics Anonymous and more specific divisions of the organization (AA Grapevine, World Services, General Service Conference, World Service Meeting) yields well over 500 results.
^ Turner, Adrian. “Review: My Name Is Bill W”. Radio Times. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Jarvis, Jeff (1 May 1989). “Picks and Pans Review: My Name Is Bill W”. People. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Dawn, Randee (14 October 2010). “When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story – TV Review”. The Hollywood Reporter. USA. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Lowry, Brian (23 April 2010). “Review: ‘When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story'”. Variety. USA. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Urycki, Mark (27 March 2012). “Bill W. documentary at CIFF”. Kent, Ohio: WKSU. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
^ Linden, Sheri (18 May 2012). “‘Bill W.’ cuts through the anonymity”. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved 22 May 2012. Laudatory but never simplistic, “Bill W.” is a thoroughly engrossing portrait of Wilson, his times and the visionary fellowship that is his legacy.
^ Macnab, Geoffrey (18 September 2015). “A Walk Among The Tombstones, film review: Neeson could sleepwalk down these mean streets”. The Independent. UK. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Maslin, Janet (29 April 1994). “Review/Film: When a Man Loves a Woman; A Woman Under the Influence”. The New York Times. USA. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Ebert, Roger (10 August 1988). “Review: Clean and Sober”. Chicago Sun-Times/rogerebert.com. USA. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Crowther, Bosley (18 January 1963). “Movie Review: Days of Wine and Roses”. The New York Times. USA. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ “Review: ‘Drunks'”. Variety. USA. 11 September 1995. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Crowther, Bosley (24 December 1952). “Come Back, Little Sheba”. The New York Times. USA. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Crowther, Bosley (13 January 1956). “Screen: Return From Alcoholism; ‘I’ll Cry Tomorrow’ Is Film at Music Hall Susan Hayward Seen in Lillian Roth Story Lana Turner as ‘Diane'”. The New York Times. USA. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ “Review: ‘I’ll Cry Tomorrow'”. Variety. USA. 31 December 1954. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Macdonald, Moira (6 July 2007). “Hi, I’m Frank and I’m an alcoholic hitman in “You Kill Me””. The Seattle Times. USA. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Howell, Peter (6 July 2007). “Rehab for the reaper”. Toronto Star. Canada. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ Holden, Stephen (11 October 2012). “A Relationship’s Glue Is Made of Alcohol”. The New York Times. USA. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ “Don’t Worry, He Won’t Get Far on Foot review – Van Sant’s disability drama misses the mark”. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ “Flight (2012) – Plot Summary – IMDb”.
^ “CBS’ ‘Elementary’ deduces the painful truth at the heart of sobriety”. Los Angeles Times. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
References[edit]
Bill W. (1955). “Alcoholics Anonymous: the story of how many thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism” (2nd ed.). New York City: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. OCLC 269381.
Bill W. (2002). Alcoholics Anonymous: the story of how many thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism (4th ed.). New York City: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. ISBN 978-1-893007-16-1. OCLC 408888189.
Edwards, Griffith (April 2002). Alcohol: The World’s Favorite Drug (1st ed.). Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-28387-2. OCLC 48176740.
Klaus Mäkelä; World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; et al. (1996). Alcoholics Anonymous as a mutual-help movement: a study in eight societies. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-15000-6. OCLC 33242907.
Mitchel, Dale (2002). Silkworth: the little doctor who loved drunks. Center City, Minn: Hazelden. ISBN 978-1-56838-794-9. OCLC 51063745.
Pass It on: The Story of Bill Wilson and how the A.A. Message Reached the World. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. December 1984. ISBN 978-0-916856-12-0. OCLC 12308065.
Peele, Stanton (1999). The Diseasing of America: how we allowed recovery zealots and the treatment industry to convince us we are out of control. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-4643-2. OCLC 39605271.
Questions & Answers on Sponsorship (PDF), Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc, 16 June 2016, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2009, retrieved 13 May 2017
Robertson, Nan (1988). Getting Better: Inside Alcoholics Anonymous. New York: Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-06869-1. LCCN 87031153. OCLC 17260252. OL 4127115W.
Vaillant, George E. (1995). The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-60377-6. OCLC 31605790.
Wilcox, D.M. (1998). Alcoholic thinking: Language, culture, and belief in Alcoholics Anonymous. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96049-0.
Kurtz, Ernest (1991). Not-God: a history of Alcoholics Anonymous. Center City, Minn: Hazelden Pittman. ISBN 978-0894860652.
External links[edit]
Official website
A History of Agnostic Groups in AA
Reproduction of the 1938 Original Manuscript of Alcoholics Anonymous
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous
Alcoholics Anonymous
Contributors to Wikimedia projects
47-60 minutes
Alcoholics Anonymous
The book cover of Alcoholics Anonymous, 4th edition. AA derives its name from the title of this book and is written by AA members.
The book cover of Alcoholics Anonymous, 4th edition. AA derives its name from the title of this book and is written by AA members.
Formation 1935; 86 years ago
Founded at Akron, Ohio
Type Mutual-help addiction recovery twelve-step program
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Headquarters New York, New York, United States
Website
aa.org
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