“King Conrad the Younger“
‘Codex Manesse’
(Folio 7r)
c. 1304
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*’25 march 1252′ – ’29 october 1268’*
*called “the younger” / “the boy”*
*usually known by the diminutive ‘conradin’*
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*german* –>
“konradin”
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*italian* –>
“corradino”
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*’conrad’ was the last ‘direct heir’ of the ‘house of hohenstaufen’*
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He was Duke of Swabia (1254–1268) and nominal King of Jerusalem (1254–1268) and Sicily (1254–1258).
After his attempt to reconquer Sicily failed, he was caught and beheaded
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Early childhood
Conradin was born in Wolfstein, Bavaria, to Conrad IV of Germany and Elisabeth of Bavaria.
Though he never succeeded his father as Roman-German king, he was recognized as king of Sicily and Jerusalem by supporters of the Hohenstaufens in 1254.
Having lost his father in 1254, he grew up at the court of his uncle and guardian, Louis II, Duke of Bavaria
His guardians were able to hold Swabia for him.
Jerusalem was held by a relative from the royal house of Cyprus as regent.
In Sicily, his father’s half-brother Manfred continued as regent, but began to develop plans to usurp the kingship.
Little is known of his appearance and character except that he was as “beautiful as Absalom, and spoke good Latin”
(???)
Although his father had entrusted him to the guardianship of the church, Pope Alexander IV, forbade Conradin’s election as Roman-German king and offered the Hohenstaufen lands in Germany to King Alfonso X of Castile
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Political and military career
Having assumed the title of King of Jerusalem and Sicily, Conradin took possession of the Duchy of Swabia in 1262, and remained for some time in his duchy.[1]
Conradin’s first invitation to Italy came from the Guelphs of Florence: they asked him to take arms against Manfred, who had been crowned king of Sicily in 1258 on a false rumor of Conradin’s death.
Louis refused this invitation on his nephew’s behalf.
In 1266 the count Charles I of Anjou, called by the new pope Clement IV, defeated and killed Manfred at Benevento, taking possession of southern Italy:
envoys from the Ghibelline cities went then to Bavaria and urged Conradin to come and free Italy.
Count Guido de Montefeltro representing Henry of Castile, Senator of Rome, offered him the support of the eternal city.
Pledging his lands, Conradin crossed the Alps and issued a manifesto at Verona setting forth his claim on Sicily.[1]
Notwithstanding the defection of his uncle Louis and of other companions who returned to Germany, the threats of Clement IV, and a lack of funds, his cause seemed to prosper.[1]
Proclaiming him King of Sicily, his partisans, among them Prince Henry of Castile, both in the north and south of Italy took up arms.
Rome received his envoy with enthusiasm; and the young king himself received welcomes at Pavia, Pisa and Siena.
In September 1267 a Spanish fleet under Frederick of Castile, and a number of knights from Pisa, and Spanish knights soldiering from Tunis, disembarked in the Sicilian city of Sciacca, and most of the island rebelled against the Angevin rule.
Only Palermo and Messina remained loyal to Charles.
The revolt spread to Calabria and Apulia. In November of the same year the Pope excommunicated him.
His fleet won a victory over that of Charles I of Anjou, and in July 1268, Conradin himself entered Rome to a great and popular reception.
Having strengthened his forces, he marched towards Lucera to join the Saracen[1] troops settled there since the time of his grandfather.
On 23 August 1268 his multinational army of Italian, Spanish, Roman, Arab and German troops encountered that of Charles at Tagliacozzo, in a hilly area of central Italy.
The eagerness of Conradin’s Spanish knights under Infante Henry of Castile, who mounted an initially triumphant charge, and the error of stopping to obtain plunder in the enemy’s camp after that momentarily successful assault, allowed the reinforced French to claim victory in the end.
Escaping from the field of battle, Conradin reached Rome, but acting on advice to leave the city he proceeded to Astura in an attempt to sail for Sicily.
However, upon reaching his destination he was arrested and handed over to Charles, who imprisoned him in the Castel dell’Ovo in Naples, together with the inseparable Frederick of Baden.
On 29 October 1268 Conradin and Frederick were beheaded
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Legacy
With Conradin’s death at 16, the direct (male) line of the Hohenstaufen dynasty became extinct.[a][5] His remains, with those of Frederick of Baden, lie in the church of the monastery of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel at Naples, founded by his mother for the good of his soul; and here in 1847 Maximilian, crown prince of Bavaria, erected a marble statue by Bertel Thorvaldsen to his memory. In the 14th-century Codex Manesse, a collection of medieval German lyrics, preserved at Heidelberg, there appear two songs written by Conradin, and his fate has formed the subject of several dramas.[1]
His hereditary Kingdom of Jerusalem passed to the heirs of his great-great-grandmother Isabella I of Jerusalem, among whom a succession dispute arose. The senior heir in primogeniture was Hugh of Brienne, a second cousin of Conradin’s father, but another second cousin Hugh III of Cyprus already held the office of regent and managed to keep the kingdom as Hugh I of Jerusalem. Conradin’s grandmother’s first cousin Mary of Antioch also staked her claim on basis of proximity of blood, which she later sold to Conradin’s executioner Charles of Anjou.
According to a strict sense of legitimacy,[b] the general heiress of his Kingdom of Sicily and the Duchy of Swabia was his aunt Margaret, half-sister of his father Conrad IV (the youngest but only surviving child of Frederick II and his third wife, Isabella of England) and married with Albert, Landgrave of Thuringia since 1255. Their son Frederick claimed Sicily and Swabia on her right.
However, these claims met with little favor. Swabia, pawned by Conradin before his last expedition, was disintegrating as a territorial unit. He went unrecognized in Outremer, and Charles of Anjou was deeply entrenched in power in Southern Italy. Margrave Frederick proposed an invasion of Italy in 1269, and attracted some support from the Lombard Ghibellines, but his plans were never carried out, and he played no further part in Italian affairs.
Finally, Sicily passed to Charles of Anjou, but the Sicilian Vespers in 1282 resulted in dual claims on the Kingdom; the Aragonese heirs of Manfred retaining the island of Sicily and the Angevin party retaining the southern part of Italy, popularly called the Kingdom of Naples.[2][3]
In fiction[edit]
The novel Põlev lipp (The Burning Banner) by Karl Ristikivi (1961; in Estonian) depicts Conradin’s Italian campaign. A translation into the French by Jean Pascal Ollivry, entitled L’étendard en flammes, was published in Paris in 2005.[6]
Notes[edit]
^ After Conradin’s demise, the remaining members of the Staufer dynasty were his half-aunt, Margaret, his other half-aunt, Anna, and the offspring of his-uncle, Manfred of Sicily. Both Anna and Manfred had been the children of Frederick II by his mistress and fourth wife, Bianca Lancia. However, despite being born out of wedlock, they were legitimised by the posterior marriage of their parents on their mother’s deathbed (which is attested in at least two medieval sources, the Chronicles of Salimbene di Adam and Mathew of Paris). This means that upon the deaths of Margaret in 1270 and Anna in 1307, Manfred’s issue were the only ones who could have claimed dynastic rights to the House of Hohenstaufen, whose last member was indeed his son, Henry [Enrico], deceased on 31 October 1318 (as referenced by source n. 5).
^ Despite the fact that he usurped his nephew’s crown, if Manfred is deemed legitimate, his sons and after them the offspring of his eldest daughter would have been Conradin’s natural sucessors in Sicily and Swabia.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). “Conradin”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 968–969.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sandra Benjamin (20 April 2010). Sicily: Three Thousand Years of Human History – 7 – Hohenstaufens. Steerforth Press. pp. 292–. ISBN 978-1-58642-181-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Christopher Kleinhenz (2 August 2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-135-94880-1.
^ Lukas Strehle. “Die Hinrichtung Konradins von Hohenstaufen – Reaktionen der Zeitgenossen und Rezeption der Nachwelt”. Grin. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
^ Gregorovius, Ferdinand (2010) [1897], History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Vol. 5, Part 2, Cambridge University Press).
^ Karl Ristikivi. L’étendard en flammes Archived 5 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Traduit de l’estonien par Jean Pascal Ollivry. Paris: Alvik, 2005.
Bibliography[edit]
F. W. Schirrmacher, Die letzten Hohenstaufen (Göttingen, 1871)
K. Hampe, Geschichte Konradins von Hohenstaufen (Berlin, 1893)
del Giudice, Il Giudizio e la condanna di Corradino (Naples, 1876)
G. Cattaneo, Federico II di Svevia (Rome, 1992)
E. Miller, Konradin von Hohenstaufen (Berlin, 1897)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). “Conradin”. The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Conrad I King of Sicily
1254–1258
with Manfred Succeeded by
Manfred
King of Jerusalem
1254–1268 Succeeded by
Hugh III
Duke of Swabia
1254–1268 Duchy disintegrated
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conradin
Conradin
Contributors to Wikimedia projects
10-12 minutes
“Conrad V” redirects here. For the duke of Silesia, see Konrad V Kantner.
Conradin
Konradin.jpg
King Conrad the Younger, from the
Codex Manesse (Folio 7r), c. 1304
King of Jerusalem
Reign 21 May 1254 – 29 October 1268
Predecessor Conrad II
Successor Hugh I
King of Sicily
Reign 21 May 1254 – 1258
Predecessor Conrad I
Successor Manfred of Sicily
Duke of Swabia
Reign 21 May 1254 – 29 October 1268
Predecessor Conrad III
Successor Rudolph II of Austria (titular)
Born 25 March 1252
Wolfstein Castle near Landshut, Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire
Died 29 October 1268 (aged 16)
Naples, Kingdom of Sicily
Burial
Basilica di Santa Maria del Carmine, Naples
House Hohenstaufen
Father Conrad IV of Germany
Mother Elisabeth of Bavaria
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