*THE 8 YELLOW TEETH* —>
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-as of [28 APRIL 2024]–
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*aka* –>
“BI-CUSPIDS”
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-‘transitional teeth’ located between the ‘canine teeth’ + ‘molar teeth’-
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In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant in the permanent set of teeth, making eight premolars total in the mouth
They have at least two cusps.
Premolars can be considered transitional teeth during chewing, or mastication
They have properties of both the canines, that lay anterior and molars that lay posterior, and so food can be transferred from the canines to the premolars and finally to the molars for grinding, instead of directly from the canines to the molars
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Human anatomy[edit]
The premolars in humans are the maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, mandibular first premolar, and the mandibular second premolar
Premolar teeth by definition are permanent teeth distal to the canines, preceded by deciduous molars.[5]
Morphology[edit]
There is always one large buccal cusp, especially so in the mandibular first premolar. The lower second premolar almost always presents with two lingual cusps.[6]
The lower premolars and the upper second premolar usually have one root. The upper first usually has two roots, but can have just one root, notably in Sinodonts, and can sometimes have three roots.[7][8]
Premolars are unique to the permanent dentition. Premolars are referred to as bicuspid (has two main cusps), a buccal and a palatal/lingual cusp which are separated by a mesiodistal occlusal fissure.
The maxillary premolars are trapezoidal in shape. Whilst the mandibular premolars are rhomboidal in shape.
Maxillary first premolar[9][edit]
The crown of the tooth appears ovoid, wider buccally than palatally
From a buccal view, the first premolar is similar to the adjacent canine
Roots: Two roots buccal and palatal. Sometimes (40%) there is only one root.
Maxillary second premolar[9][edit]
Similar to maxillary first premolar but the mesio-buccal and disto-buccal corners are rounder
The two cusps are smaller and more equal in size
Shorter occlusal fissure
Usually one root
Mandibular first premolar[9][edit]
The smallest premolar out of all four
Dominant buccal cusp and a very small lingual cusp
The buccal cusp is broad and the lingual cusp is less than half the size of the buccal cusp.
Two-thirds of the buccal surface can be seen from the occlusal aspect
A single conical root with an oval/round cross section. The root is grooved longitudinally both mesially and distally.
Mandibular second premolar[9][edit]
The crown is larger than the mandibular first premolar
Lingual cusp is smaller than the buccal cusp but better developed.
The lingual and buccal cusp is separated by a well defined mesiodistal occlusal fissure
The lingual cusp is divided into two; the mesiolingual and distolingual cusps with the mesiolingual cusp being higher and wider than the distolingual.
Root: Single conical root, oval/round in cross section.
Orthodontics[edit]
The four first premolars are the most commonly removed teeth, in 48.8% of cases, when teeth are removed for orthodontic treatment (which is in 45.8% of orthodontic patients). The removal of only the maxillary first premolars is the second likeliest option, in 14.5% of cases.[10]
Other mammals[edit]
In primitive placental mammals there are four premolars per quadrant, but the most mesial two (closer to the front of the mouth) have been lost in catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans). Paleontologists therefore refer to human premolars as Pm3 and Pm4.[11][12]
Additional images[edit]
Medical animation showing Premolar teeth and its arrangement in the mouth of an adult human being
Mouth (oral cavity)
Left maxilla, outer surface
Base of skull, interior surface
See also[edit]
Incisor
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Roger Warwick; Peter L. Williams, eds. (1973), Gray’s Anatomy (35th ed.), London: Longman, pp. 1218–1220
^ Weiss, M.L.; Mann, A.E (1985), Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective (4th ed.), Boston: Little Brown, pp. 132–135, 198–199, ISBN 978-0-673-39013-4
^ Jump up to: a b Glanze, W.D.; Anderson, K.N.; Anderson, L.E, eds. (1990), Mosby’s Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary (3rd ed.), St. Louis, Missouri: The C.V. Mosby Co., p. 957, ISBN 978-0-8016-3227-3
^ Weiss, M.L., & Mann, A.E. (1985), pp.132-134
^ Warwick, R., & Williams, P.L. (1973), pp.1218-1219.
^ Warwick, R., & Williams, P.L. (1973), p.1219.
^ Standring, Susan (2015). Gray’s Anatomy E-Book: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 518. ISBN 9780702068515.
^ Kimura, Ryosuke; Yamaguchi, Tetsutaro; Takeda, Mayako; Kondo, Osamu; Toma, Takashi; Haneji, Kuniaki; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; Matsukusa, Hirotaka; Kawamura, Shoji; Maki, Koutaro; Osawa, Motoki; Ishida, Hajime; Oota, Hiroki (2009). “A Common Variation in EDAR is a Genetic Determinant of Shovel-Shaped Incisors”. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 85 (4): 528–535. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.09.006. PMC 2756549. PMID 19804850.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Berkovitz, B. K. B. (2009). Oral anatomy, histology and embryology. G. R. Holland, B. J. Moxham (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Mosby/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7234-3583-9. OCLC 806280585.
^ Capelli Júnior, Jonas; Fernandes, Luciana Q. P.; Dardengo, Camila de S.; Capelli Júnior, Jonas; Fernandes, Luciana Q. P.; Dardengo, Camila de S. (2016). “Frequency of orthodontic extraction”. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 21 (1): 54–59. doi:10.1590/2177-6709.21.1.054-059.oar. ISSN 2176-9451. PMC 4816586. PMID 27007762.
^ Christopher Dean (1994). “Jaws and teeth”. In Steve Jones; Robert Martin; David Pilbeam (eds.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–59. ISBN 978-0-521-32370-3. Also ISBN 0-521-46786-1 (paperback)
^ Gentry Steele and Claud Bramblett (1988). The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton. Texas A&M University Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780890963265.
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Premolar
Premolar
Contributors to Wikimedia projects6-8 minutes 1/21/2005
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.09.006, Show Details
(Redirected from Premolar teeth)
Premolar
Gray1003.png
The permanent teeth, viewed from the right
Gray997.png
Permanent teeth of right half of lower dental arch, seen from above
Details
Identifiers
Latin dentes premolares
MeSH D001641
TA98 A05.1.03.006
TA2 909
FMA 55637
Anatomical terminology
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